By far the greater number of the phanerogams, however, especially all our indigenous 'flowers,' are, as a rule, fertilized by means of insects, and it is amazing to see in what diverse ways, often highly specialized, they have adapted themselves to the visits of insects. Thus there are flowers in which the nectar lies open to view, and these can be feasted on by all manner of insects; there are others in which the nectar is rather more concealed, but still easily found, and reached by insects with short mouth-parts, e.g. large flowers blooming by day and bearing much pollen, like the Magnolias. These have been called beetle-flowers, because they are visited especially by the honey-loving Longicorns. Other flowers blooming by day are especially adapted to fertilization by means of bees; they are always beautifully coloured, often blue; they are fragrant, and contain nectar deep down in the flower, where it can only be reached by the comparatively long proboscis of the bee. Different arrangements in the different flowers secure that the bee cannot enjoy the nectar without at the same time effecting the cross-pollination. Thus the stamens of the meadow sage (_Salvia pratensis_) are at first hidden within the helmet-shaped upper lip of the flower (Fig. 41, _st´_), but bear lower down on their stalk a short handle-like process, which turns the pollen-bearing anther downwards (_st´´_) as soon as it is pressed back by an intruding insect. The pollen-sacs then strike downwards on the back of the bee, and cover it with pollen. When the bee visits another more mature flower, the long style, which was at first hidden within the helmet, has bent downwards (_gr´´_), and now stands just in front of the entrance to the flower, so that the bee must rub off a part of the pollen covering its back on to the stigma, and fertilization is thus effected. There are other flowers which are specially disposed to suit the visits of the humble-bees, as, for instance, _Pedicularis asplenifolia_, the fern-leaved louse-wort, a plant of the high Alps (Fig. 42). The first thing that strikes us about this plant is the thickly tufted hair covering on the calyx (_k_), which serves to keep off little wingless insects from the flower; then there is the strange left-sided twisting of the individual flowers, whose under lip allows only a strong insect like the humble-bee to gain access, towards the left, to the corolla-tube (_kr_), in the depths of which the nectar is concealed. While the humble-bee is sucking up the nectar it becomes dusted over with pollen from the anthers, which falls to dust at a touch, and when it insinuates itself into a second flower its powdered back comes first into contact with the stigma of the pistil (_gr_) which projects from the elongated bill-shaped under lip, dusting it over with the pollen of the first visited flower. Butterflies and smaller bees cannot rob this flower; it is strictly a humble-bee's flower.