Darwin has shown convincingly that a surprising number of characters in animals, from worms upwards, have their roots in sexual selection, and has pointed out the probability that this process has played an important part in the evolution of the human race also, though, in this case, all is not yet so clearly and certainly known as among animals. To conclude this section, I should like once again to call attention to the deficiency which is necessarily involved in the assumption of any selection, sexual selection included, namely, that the first beginning of the character which has been intensified by selection remains obscure. Darwin attached importance to the occurrence of ordinary individual variation, but it is open to question whether the insignificant variations thus produced could give an adequate advantage in the competition for the possession of the females; and, further, whether we have not grounds for the assumption that larger variations also occur. This question may also be asked in regard to ordinary natural selection, although in that case we can imagine the beginnings to be smaller, since here the advantage of a variation lies only in the fact that it is useful, not in its being appreciated by others. As a matter of fact, this very difficulty as to the first beginnings of variations has been frequently urged against both hypotheses of selection, and rightly so, inasmuch as this must be above all else the point of attack for further investigations. But it is a mistake to deny the whole processes of selection simply because this point is not yet clear. Later on we shall attempt to gain some insight into the causes of variation, and then we shall return to this question of the beginnings of the selective processes. In the meantime let it suffice to say that Darwin was very well aware that, in addition to the ordinary individual variations, there were also larger deviations which occurred discontinuously in single forms. He believed, however, that such occurrences were very rare, and, on the whole, he was not inclined to ascribe to them any particular importance in the transformation of species. He rather referred the organic transformations which have taken place in the course of the earth's history, in the main, to the intensification of the ordinary individual variations, and I believe that he was right in so doing, since adaptations from their very nature cannot have been brought about by sudden chance leaps in organization, but can only have become exactly suited to chance conditions of life through a gradual accumulation of minute variations in the direction of utility. Whether, however, purely sexual distinctions may not have had their primary roots in discontinuous variations must be inquired into later. Theoretically, there is nothing against this assumption, when such characters are not adaptations like the lasso antennæ of the Copepods, or the turban eyes of the Ephemerids; mere distinctive