A modern opponent of the selection theory (Eimer) has suggested that the marking of the lateral veins, and other resemblances to a leaf in _Kallima_, represent nothing more than the pattern which was present in any case, inherited from ancestors, and which in the course of time arranged itself in a particular manner according to internal developmental laws. Not selection--that is, adaptation to surroundings--but the internal developmental impulse has brought about the resemblance to the leaf. It is astonishing how a preconceived idea can blind a man and weaken his judgment! It goes without saying that the adaptations do not start from a _tabula rasa_, but from what is already present; of course, natural selection makes use of the markings inherited from ancestors; it takes what already exists, and alters or extends it as suits best. Thus it is easy to prove that the clear mirrors (Fig. 13, _gl_^1 and _gl_^2) on the wings of _Kallima_ have arisen from a modification of the nuclei of eye-spots, just as the dark mould-spots which often occur, frequently develop in association with the inherited eye-spots; not always however, for many such accumulations of black scales occur in spots on which there has never been an eye-spot. Thus, too, the 'midribs' of the butterfly have in part arisen from a gradual displacing, extending, and altering of the direction of inherited stripes as, for instance, is clearly recognizable in the posterior wing of Fig. 13, but sometimes they are new formations. But the veining of a leaf is never found on the wing of any butterfly of a species which has not the habit of resting among leaves, or which has not had it at one time, and it never corresponds to the natural marking of any genus which does not live in forests. This impression of leaf-venation has obviously arisen from quite different patterns of markings, and it has been reached now by one way, now by another. We can see this from the fact that, in different butterflies, it lies in quite different positions on the wing. In the _Kallima_ species the stalk of the leaf lies in the tail of the posterior wing, the tip of the midrib lies near the tip of the wing; in _Cœnophlebia archidona_ it is exactly reversed, the tip of the anterior wing (Fig. 14) is prolonged, and forms the stalk, while a broad, dark, stripe, the midrib (_mr_), runs from there across the middle of both wings, and seems to give off two or three lateral ribs running outwards. If it be asked whether this butterfly always sits down so artistically that the 'upward turning leaf-stalk is in juxtaposition to a twig,' we may answer that a bird flying fast is not likely to look to see whether every leaf in the profusion of foliage in the primitive forests is properly fastened to its stalk or not, any more than we should do in the case of a painted bush, on which many a leaf has the appearance of floating in the air, just as in nature, or in its faithful copy, the photograph.