The task of the workers is to procure all the food necessary for all
the individuals of the colony in quantity and quality corresponding
to the demand; failing this the whole colony would perish. Now the
different persons of the colony need different food, according to their
constitution and their functions. Soldiers, for instance, are more
powerful than ordinary workers, since they are adapted for fighting,
and they therefore require a different kind of food from the weaker
workers who are adapted only for other duties. Since the soldiers have
evolved from the latter by selection, what we may, for the sake of
brevity, call the soldier-food in the common stores of the ants would
be drawn upon more lavishly than before, and would therefore disappear
more quickly, and, whenever this occurred, those workers which had
already brought in this kind of food would be impelled to bring more
and more to satisfy the demand for it. But in order to do this they
would require to exert themselves more, and would therefore require a
larger quantity of food--not of course soldier-food, but the particular
kind which their particular qualities demanded. Probably this second
importation of food was undertaken by a second kind of worker, for,
according to Zehnder, each worker does not carry all the kinds of food;
they are divided into legions, each of which has its particular task of
food-collecting to fulfil.
In the end the storehouse of the ant-colony must contain a provision
in which the different kinds of food are in exact proportion to the
necessities of the different kinds of persons in the colony. It must
alter in its composition again as soon as, in the course of time, one
or other kind of person acquires new characters, for these presuppose a
new kind of diet.
But how are these acquired characters to be transmitted since neither
soldiers nor workers reproduce? Zehnder answers this by pointing out
that the sexual animals eat _all_ the kinds of nourishment which are
accumulated in the stores, that is to say, all the different kinds of
food exactly in the proportion in which they have been imported--the
proportion in which the different kinds of persons are represented in
the colony. Thus the kinds of nourishment which caused the appearance
of the newly acquired characters in the non-sexual animals also
reached the sexual animals and their sex-cells, and there gave rise to
substances which evoke the relevant qualities in their descendants, for
instance, in the soldiers, or in the still more modified workers, and
so on; and thus we have an 'inheritance of acquired characters.'
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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