But how are we to read the address, with the local definition wanting? There are two constructions open to us:--(1) We might suppose that a space was left blank in the original to be filled in afterwards by Tychicus with the names of the particular Churches to which he distributed copies, or to be supplied by the voice of the reader. But if that were so, we should have expected to find some trace of this variety of designation in the ancient witnesses. As it is, the documents either give Ephesus in the address, or supply no local name at all. Nor is there, so far as we are aware, any analogy in ancient usage for the proceeding suggested. Moreover, the order of the Greek words[23] is against this supposition.--(2) We prefer, therefore, to follow Origen[24] and Basil, with some modern exegetes, in reading the sentence straight on, as it stands in the Sinaitic and Vatican copies. It then becomes: _To the saints, who are indeed faithful in Christ Jesus_. “The saints” is the apostle’s designation for Christian believers generally,[25] as men consecrated to God in Christ (1 Cor. i. 2). The qualifying phrase “those who are indeed faithful in Christ Jesus,” is admonitory. As Lightfoot says with reference to the parallel qualification in Colossians i. 2, “This unusual addition is full of meaning. Some members of the [Asian] Churches were shaken in their allegiance, even if they had not fallen from it. The apostle therefore wishes it to be understood that, when he speaks of the saints, he means those who are true and steadfast members of the brotherhood. In this way he obliquely hints at the defection.” By this further definition “he does not directly exclude any, but he indirectly warns all.” We are reminded that we are in the neighbourhood of the Colossian heresy. Beneath the calm tenor of this epistle, the ear catches an undertone of controversy. In chapter iv. 14 and vi. 10-20 this undertone becomes clearly audible. We shall find the epistle end with the note of warning with which it begins. * * * * * The Salutation is according to St Paul’s established form of greeting. FOOTNOTES: [1] The translation given in this volume is based upon the Revised Version, but deviates from it in some particulars. These deviations will be explained in the exposition. [2] The case against authenticity is ably stated in Dr. S. Davidson’s _Introduction to the N. T._; see also Baur’s _Paul_, Pfleiderer’s _Paulinism_, Hilgenfeld’s _Einleitung_, Hatch’s article on “Paul” in the _Encyclopædia Britannica_. The case for the defence may be found in Weiss’, Salmon’s, Bleek’s, or Dods’ _N. T. Introduction_--the last brief, but to the point; in Reuss’ _History of the N. T._; Milligan’s article on “Ephesians” in _Encycl. Brit._; Gloag’s _Introduction to the Pauline Epp._; Meyer’s, or Beet’s, or Eadie’s _Commentary_; Sabatier’s _The Apostle Paul_. [3] Rom. xi. 16-24; Acts xiii. 26; Gal. iii. 7, 14. [4] Gal. iii. 10-13; 2 Cor. v. 20, 21, etc.