The final chapter, although relying to a large extent upon Turner's great work, is in no way intended to be a critical evaluation of that thesis. Its primary objective is to test one interpretation of it through a particular analytic technique, ethnographic in nature. Frontier ethnography has proved to be a reliable research tool, mainly because of its wide scope. It permits conclusions which a strictly confined study, given the data limitations of this and other frontier areas, would not allow. Democracy, it is no doubt agreed, is a difficult thing to assess, particularly when there are so many conflicting interpretations of it. But an examination of it, even in its most primitive stages in this country, can give the researcher a glimpse of its fundamentals and its effectiveness. In a time when idealists envision a world community based upon the self-determination which was basic in this nation's early development, it is essential to re-evaluate that principle in terms of its earliest American development. If we would enjoy the blessings of freedom, we must undergo the fatigue of attempting to understand it. Some seventy years ago, a great American historian suggested an interpretation of the American ethos. Turner's thesis is still being debated today, something which I am certain would please its author immensely. But what is needed today is not the prolongation of the debate as to its validity so much as the investigation of it with newer techniques which, it might be added, Turner himself suggested. This is the merit of frontier ethnography, and, perhaps, the particular value of this study. To me, Robert Frost implied as much in his wonderful "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening." Yes, the "woods" of contemporary history are "lovely, dark and deep, But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep." It is hoped that this investigation is the beginning of the answer to that promise, but it is well-recognized that there are miles to go. FOOTNOTES: [1] Merle Curti _et al._, _The Making of an American Community: A Case Study of Democracy in a Frontier County_ (Stanford, 1959), p. 3. [2] _Frontier and Section: Selected Essays of Frederick Jackson Turner_, intro. by Ray Allen Billington (Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1961), pp. 52-55. _Table of Contents_ PREFACE iii INTRODUCTION v I. FAIR PLAY TERRITORY: GEOGRAPHY AND TOPOGRAPHY 1 II. THE FAIR PLAY SETTLERS: DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS 16 III. THE POLITICS OF FAIR PLAY 30 IV. THE FARMERS' FRONTIER 47 V. FAIR PLAY SOCIETY 58 VI. LEADERSHIP AND THE PROBLEMS OF THE FRONTIER 76 VII. DEMOCRACY ON THE PENNSYLVANIA FRONTIER 89 VIII. FRONTIER ETHNOGRAPHY AND THE TURNER THESIS 100