Iman--God--Attributes of God--Discussions on the nature of God--The rise of the Mutazilites--The Sifatians--Mushabihites--Names of God--Creation of the Quran. Angels--Recording Angels--Harut and Marut--Munkir and Nakir--Jinn. The Books--Abrogation--Tahrif. The Prophets--Rank and inspiration of prophets--Nabi and Rasul--Sinlessness of prophets--The Anbiya-ulul-'Azm--Miracles of prophets--The Mi'raj. The Resurrection and the last day--The Trumpets--Descent of the books--Balances--Bridge--Al-A'raf--Al-Barzakh--Intercession of Muhammad--Heaven--Hell. The Predestination of good and evil--Jabrians--Qadrians--Ash'arians--Free-will--Apostacy ... PAGE 116 Note to Chapter IV. Muslim Philosophy ... PAGE 181 CHAPTER V. THE PRACTICAL DUTIES OF ISLAM. Farz, wajib, sunnat, mustahab and mubah actions--Haram or unlawful acts. Tashahhud. Salat--Wazu--Ghusl--Tayammum--Namaz--Farz, sunnat, witr and nafl rak'ats--Appointed hours of prayer--Friday Namaz and sermon--Namaz on a journey and in time of war--Namaz in Ramazan, during an eclipse and in time of drought--Funeral service--Its ritual and prayers. Fasting--Its time and nature. Zakat--Nisab--Proportion of property to be given as alms--Recipients of the Zakat. The Hajj--Farz, sunnat, wajib and mustahab duties connected with the Hajj--Time for the Hajj--Arrival of the Haji at Mecca--Tawaf--Ceremonies of the Hajj--Conclusion of the Hajj--Formal nature of Islam ... PAGE 187 Note to Chapter V. Fatva on the Namaz ... PAGE 233 {vii} CHAPTER VI. THE FEASTS AND FASTS OF ISLAM. Muharram--'Ashur Khana--Marsiya--Waqi'a Khan--'Alams--Ceremonies of the 'Ashura--Fatihas for 'Ali, for Hasan and Husain--Akhir-i-char Shamba--Bara Wafat--Jashn-i-milad-i-Sharif--Asar-i-Sharif--Shab Barat--Ramazan and 'Id-ul-Fitr--'Itikaf--Sadqa--Sermon on the 'Id-ul-Fitr--Baqr-'Id or 'Id-uz-Zuha--Sermon on the 'Id-uz-Zuha--The Qurban or Sacrifice--Festival of Madar--Festival of Salar Mas'ud Ghazi--Festival of Khaja Khizr--Feast of Pir Dastgir Sahib--Festival of Qadir Wali Sahib ... PAGE 237 Index of Technical Terms ... PAGE 265 {ix} * * * * * INTRODUCTION. It is necessary to enter into some explanation as regards the contents of this work. It does not fall in with its plan to enter into an account either of the life of Muhammad or of the wide and rapid spread of the system founded by him. The first has been done by able writers in England, France and Germany. I could add nothing new to this portion of the subject, nor throw new light upon it. The political growth of Muslim nations has also been set forth in various ways.