9 _Challengeria Murrayi._ AFTER HAECKEL, ‘“CHALLENGER” REPORTS’ 90 10 _Umbellula Güntheri._ AFTER AGASSIZ, ‘VOYAGES OF THE “BLAKE”’ 97 11 _Rhizocrinus lofotensis._ AFTER CARPENTER, ‘“CHALLENGER” REPORTS’ 100 12 _Rhabdopleura normani._ AFTER LANKESTER, ‘CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF RHABDOPLEURA AND AMPHIOXUS’ 112 13 A SINGLE POLYPIDE OF _Rhabdopleura normani_. AFTER LANKESTER, _tom. cit._ 114 14 _Bathyteuthis abyssicola._ AFTER HOYLE, ‘“CHALLENGER” REPORTS’ 121 15 _Bathynomus giganteus._ AFTER FILHOL, _tom. cit._ 131 16 _Euphausia latifrons._ AFTER SARS, ‘“CHALLENGER” REPORTS’ 134 17 _Bentheuphausia amblyops._ AFTER SARS, ‘“CHALLENGER” REPORTS’ 134 18 _Polycheles baccata._ AFTER SPENCE BATE, ‘“CHALLENGER” REPORTS’ 136 19 _Colossendeis arcuatus._ AFTER FILHOL, _tom. cit._ 141 20 _Hypobythius calycodes._ AFTER MOSELEY, ‘“CHALLENGER” REPORTS’ 145 21 _Melanocetus Murrayi._ AFTER GÜNTHER, ‘“CHALLENGER” REPORTS’ 156 22 _Saccopharynx ampullaceus._ AFTER GÜNTHER, ‘“CHALLENGER” REPORTS’ 164 THE FAUNA OF THE DEEP SEA CHAPTER I A SHORT HISTORY OF THE INVESTIGATIONS Our knowledge of the natural history of the deep seas may be said to have commenced not more than fifty years ago. There are, it is true, a few fragments of evidence of a fauna existing in depths of more than a hundred fathoms to be found in the writings of the earlier navigators, but the methods of deep-sea investigation were so imperfect in those days that naturalists were disposed to believe that in the abysses of the great oceans life was practically non-existent. Even Edward Forbes just before his death wrote of an abyss ‘where life is either extinguished or exhibits but a few sparks to mark its lingering presence,’ but in justice to the distinguished naturalist it should be remarked that he adds, ‘Its confines are yet undetermined, and it is in the exploration of this vast deep-sea region that the finest field for submarine discovery yet remains.’