An Encampment of "The Punitive Expedition" of 1916 on the Upper Yangtsze (_By courtesy of Major Isaac Newell, U.S. Military Attaché_.) Revival of the Imperialistic Worship of Heaven by Yuan Shih-kai in 1914: Scene on the Altar of Heaven, with Sacrificial Officers clothed in costumes dating from 2,000 years ago. A Manchu Country Fair: The figures in the foreground are all Manchu Women and Girls A Manchu Woman grinding Grain Silk-reeling done in the open under the Walls of Peking Modern Peking: A Run on a Bank The Re-opening of Parliament on August 1st, 1916, after three years of dictatorial rule The Original Constitutional Drafting Committee of 1913, photographed on the Steps of the Temple of Heaven, where the Draft was completed A Presidential Review of Troops in the Southern Hungtung Park outside Peking: Arrival of the President President Li Yuan-Hung and the General Staff watching the Review March-past of an Infantry Division Modern Peking: The Palace Entrance lined with Troops. Note the New Type Chinese Policeman in the foreground The Premier General Tuan Chi-Jui, Head of the Cabinet which decided to declare war on Germany General Feng Kuo-chang, President of the Republic The Scholar Liang Chi-chao, sometime Minister of Justice, and the foremost "Brain" in China General Tsao-ao, the Hero of the Yunnan Rebellion of 1915-16, who died from the effects of the campaign Liang Shih-yi, who was the Power behind Yuan Shih-kai, now proscribed and living in exile at Hong-Kong The Famous or Infamous General Chang Hsun, the leading Reactionary in China to-day, who still commands a force of 30,000 men astride of the Pukow Railway The Bas-relief in a Peking Temple, well illustrating Indo-Chinese Influences The Late President Yuan Shih-kai President Yuan Shih-kai photographed immediately after his Inauguration as Provisional President, March 10th, 1912 The National Assembly sitting as a National Convention engaged on the Draft of the Permanent Constitution. (Specially photographed by permission of the Speakers for the Present Work) View from rear of the Hall of the National Assembly sitting as a National Convention engaged on the Draft of the Permanent Constitution. (Specially photographed by permission of the Speakers for the Present Work) CHAPTER I GENERAL INTRODUCTION The revolution which broke out in China on the 10th October, 1911, and which was completed with the abdication of the Manchu Dynasty on the 12th February, 1912, though acclaimed as highly successful, was in its practical aspects something very different. With the proclamation of the Republic, the fiction of autocratic rule had truly enough vanished; yet the tradition survived and with it sufficient of the essential machinery of Imperialism to defeat the nominal victors until the death of Yuan Shih-kai.