60. Amount of transpiration 109 61. To show that growing leaves contain starch 114 62. To show that starch disappears from the leaf when the plant is placed in the dark 114 63. To show that sunlight is necessary for starch-making by leaves 115 64. To show that chlorophyl is necessary for starch formation in the leaf 115 65. To show the giving off of gas by leaves, and that sunlight is necessary for it 118 66. Seedling radishes reaching for light 119 67. Elm leaves injured by the "imported elm-tree leaf-beetle," a chewing insect 119 68. A horse-chestnut stem, showing leaves, buds, and scars, where last year's leaves dropped off 128 69. An underground stem. Buds show distinctly 129 70. Flower of cherry 130 71. Flower of apple 130 72. Pistil and stamen of flowering raspberry 131 73. Flower of buttercup 131 74. A magnolia flower showing central column of pistils and stamens 134 75. Flowers of squash 135 76. Flower of a lily 136 77. Bud and flower of jewel-weed or "touch-me-not" 137 78. Pistillate flower and perfect flower of strawberry 137 79. A crop of cowpeas 178 80. Red clover 179 81. Soy-beans in young orchard 182 82. A young alfalfa plant just coming into flower 183 83. Cross-sections of stone-drains 238 84. Cross-section of a pole-drain and of a tile-drain 238 85. A collection of drainage tools 239 86. A poorly laid tile-drain and a properly graded tile-drain 239 PART I General Principles Underlying Plant Culture THE FIRST BOOK OF FARMING PART I _General Principles Underlying Plant Culture_ CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION TO PLANTS Our object in reading and studying this book is to find out some facts that will help those of us who are thinking of going into farming and gardening as a business or recreation to start right, and will also help those of us that are already in the business to make our farms and gardens more productive.