§ 9. Judged by the Herakleitos fragments which they yield, the works of Clement and Hippolytos are hardly second in importance to Plutarch for the student of early Greek philosophy. In the _Protreptikos_ of Clement there is an interesting series of passages from Herakleitos on popular worship; in the _Paedagogos_ and the first and fourth books of the _Stromata_ there are scattered quotations most of which bear clear marks of their secondary origin; book II contains several quotations from the introduction to Herakleitos’ works; while the third and fifth books of the _Stromata_ contain a much larger collection of passages from Herakleitos, Xenophanes, Parmenides, and Empedokles. A casual glance at the whole series of quotations shows that Clement’s method was by no means uniform, and that he was often contented with a secondary source for his quotations, not taking the trouble to look them up in the original. In the first book of the _Stromata_ the first quotation from Herakleitos is a proverb familiar in Greek literature, the second passage a bare allusion to a sentence quoted by Plutarch, and the two remaining ones refer to two quotations also given by Diogenes. That Clement used the βίοι which were the basis of the work of Diogenes Laertios is probable from his quotation of Parmenides 28-30 and Empedokles 26-28, 383-384. It is also highly probable that Clement found much of his material in Stoic sources. It is generally agreed that in _Paedagogos_ ii. and iii. he freely used Musonius. Hera. 122 _ap._ Clement 188 ‘what men do not expect at death’ is interpreted by Clement as referring to Stoic fire, and Clement 649 (Hera. 123) also attributes to Herakleitos and the Stoics an idea belonging to the latter only. Hera. 77 is alluded to by Seneca as familiar to his Stoic readers, and other fragments cited by Clement were apparently found by Philo in his Stoic sources. Hera. 69 _ap._ Clement 718 looks like another form of Hera. 19 which Plutarch quotes from a Stoic source, and perhaps we may regard 20 also as from the Stoic source from which Plutarch drew. Hera. 31 _ap._ Clement 87 includes an added phrase (as to the stars) which appears also in _one_ of the two passages in Plutarch where it is quoted. One of the lines of Parmenides and six of the single lines of Empedokles given by Clement are also found in Plutarch. Consequently I regard it as not improbable that Clement drew quotations from Plutarch, and as all but certain that he drew from the Stoic sources of Plutarch. The wrong interpretation of Hera. 116 (_ap._ Clement 699), 122 (_ap._ 18), 67 (_ap._ 261), 79 (_ap._ 111), and perhaps 27 (_ap._ 229) is additional proof that Clement was entirely unfamiliar with the context in which these passages originally stood, and therefore probably did not draw from the original. While we are quite unable to trust Clement’s interpretation of his quotations, it should be remarked that he is exceedingly careful to give the correct form (e.g. Hera. 101