Aet. ii. 1; 327. Anaximenes et al.: Infinite worlds exist in the infinite in every cycle. 4; 331. The world is perishable. 11; 339. The sky is the revolving vault most distant from the earth. 14; 344. The stars are fixed like nailheads in the crystalline (vault). 19; 347. The stars shine for none of these reasons, but solely by the light of the sun. 22; 352. The sun is broad [like a leaf]. 23; 352. The stars revolve, being pushed by condensed resisting air. Aet. iii. 10; 377. The form of the earth is like a table. 15; 379. The dryness of the air, due to drought, and its wetness, due to rainstorms, are the causes of earthquakes. Aet. iv. 3; 387. Anaximenes et al.: The soul is like air in its nature. IV. _HERAKLEITOS._ According to Apollodoros, Herakleitos son of Blyson flourished in the sixty-ninth Olympiad (504-501 B.C.). An attempt to fix the date from his reference to the expulsion from Ephesos of his friend Hermodoros (Frag. 114) has resulted in a somewhat later date, though it is by no means impossible that Hermodoros was expelled during Persian rule in the city. Beyond the fact that Herakleitos lived in Ephesos we know nothing of his life; of the many stories related about him most can be proved false, and there is no reason for crediting the remainder. His philosophic position is clear, however, since he refers to Pythagoras and Xenophanes (Fr. 16-17), and Parmenides (Vss. 46 sqq.) seems to refer to him. His book is said to have been divided into three parts:—(1) Concerning the All; (2) Political; (3) Theological. Even in antiquity he was surnamed the ‘dark’ or the ‘obscure.’ Literature: Schleiermacher, _Op. Phil._ ii. 1-146; Bernays, _Ges. Abhandl._ i.; Lassalle, _Die Philosophie Herakleitos des dunklen_, Berl. 1858; P. Schuster, ‘Heraklit von Ephesos,’ in _Act. soc. phil. Lips._ 1873, 111; Teichmüller, _Neue Studien zur Gesch. d. Begriffe_, Gotha 1876-1878; Bywater, _Heracl. Eph. Reliquiae_, Oxford 1877; Gomperz, ‘Zu Herakl. Lehre,’ _Sitz. d. Wien. Ak._ 1886, p. 977 ff.; Patin, _Herakl. Einheitslehre_, Leipzig 1886, ‘Quellenstudien zu Heraklit,’ in _Festschrift f. L. Urlichs_, 1880, _Herakleitische Beispiele_, Progr. Neuburg, 1892-1893; E. Pfleiderer, _Die Philosophie des Heraklits im Lichte der Mysterienidee_, Berlin 1886; also _Rhein. Mus._ xlii. 153 ff.; _JBB. f. protest. Theol._ xiv. 177 ff.; E. Wambier, _Studia Heraclitea_, Diss. Berlin 1891. (_a_) FRAGMENTS OF HERAKLEITOS. 1. οὐκ ἐμεῦ ἀλλὰ τοῦ λόγου ἀκούσαντας ὁμολογέειν σοφόν ἐστι, ἓν πάντα εἶναι. 2. τοῦ δὲ λόγου τοῦδ’ ἐόντος αἰεὶ ἀξύνετοι γίνονται ἄνθρωποι καὶ πρόσθεν ἢ ἀκοῦσαι καὶ ἀκούσαντες τὸ πρῶτον. γινομένων γὰρ πάντων κατὰ τὸν λόγον τόνδε ἀπείροισι ἐοίκασι πειρώμενοι καὶ ἐπέων καὶ ἔργων τοιουτέων ὁκοίων ἐγὼ διηγεῦμαι, διαιρέων ἕκαστον κατὰ φύσιν καὶ φράζων ὅκως ἔχει. τοὺς δὲ ἄλλους ἀνθρώπους λανθάνει ὁκόσα ἐγερθέντες ποιέουσι, ὅκωσπερ ὁκόσα εὕδοντες ἐπιλανθάνονται.