Xenophanes is cited in passages varying in length from one to four lines. Most of these passages are not known from other writers or known only from late Homeric commentators. Where the same passage is cited twice, there is no variation except in the arrangement of the lines. Fr. vii. is given in part twice—once lines 3-4, and again lines 1, 2, and 4 (see _supra_ p. 66).—From Parmenides (in addition to the line 132 given by Plato and Aristotle) Sextus gives the proœmium of his work. Although earlier editors have extensively rearranged this passage, I believe it is substantially correct in Sextus, and I see no reason to doubt that it was taken from the work itself. The citation of other lines before 53 by Plato and by Simplicius confirms the suspicion, however, that Sextus had omitted something at this point. From Empedokles’ main philosophical work Sextus gives a portion of the proœmium (lines 2-23), as well as four lines from the introduction to the καθάρματα. It is reasonable to believe that these lines with 428-435 were cited from the original poem; the only errors are copyists’ blunders. Sextus also cites Empedokles 33-35 and 78-80. These are much copied lines, and the form in Sextus includes some obvious errors, e.g. ἀήρ for αἰθήρ (l. 78) and φιλία for φιλότης (l. 80), (cf. ἤπιον l. 79)—errors which very likely were found in the source from which Sextus drew the lines.[119] We may conclude that Sextus cited sometimes from the original, sometimes at second hand; and that his citations reproduce his source accurately except that he sometimes omits verses from their connection.