§ 11. The quotations in the _Refutatio omnium haeresium_, which is now attributed to Hippolytos, include some that are very accurate and others of which the text is hopeless, an anomaly that is very difficult to explain. In the fifth book one phrase reminds the reader of Herakleitos 71, while Herakleitos 68 a is quoted with the author’s name, and 101 without it. In the sixth book there is an allusion to two forms of fire (Hera. 21), and Herakleitos 29 combined with 95 is quoted under the name of Pythagoras. Most of the quotations from Herakleitos, however, are closely grouped in ix. ch. 9-10. Some of these are phrases familiar in earlier writers (e.g. Hera. 3, 47, and 69); 2, 44, 45, and 35 are passages of some length which Hippolytos gives in accurate form; 24 is accompanied by a Stoic explanation, and probably the phraseology of 28 and 36 is Stoic; in most of the citations in this group the text is very carefully given, even to the connecting particles, but besides the fragments in Stoic form just mentioned, the text of 123 is corrupted beyond possibility of restoration, and 58 is almost as bad. These fragments are consistently interpreted as anticipating the views of a Christian sect, and it is possible that the κρινέει of 26 is due to this influence rather than to the Stoics. Bywater (p. ix) suggests that Hippolytos drew his quotations directly from the work of Herakleitos; but it is not easy to regard the difference in accuracy as wholly a difference in the accuracy of one man’s copying. The quotations from Empedokles, as indeed from other poets, show that Hippolytos was often very careless. The omission of a word (e.g. lines 334, 335 _ap._ Hipp. 165, l. 84 _ap._ 246) is too common to be attributed wholly to the carelessness of copyists, nor would the rest of the text of Hippolytos justify this supposition. Lines 33-35 are quoted twice (p. 246 and p. 318), and the last line differs in the two cases; such a change as from τέγγει to σπόνδε (p. 313) is not one that a copyist would be very likely to make. On the other hand, it is hardly conceivable that the errors in ll. 110 f. _ap._ p. 247, 222 f. _ap._ p. 251, 338 f. _ap._ p. 254 existed in any text that Hippolytos copied. The only possible explanation for this phenomenon is that sometimes Hippolytos quoted from memory, paying no attention either to metre or to phraseology, and sometimes (as in his quotations from Herakleitos generally) from either the original or a source that was very close to the original. Since so many of the Empedoklean passages are not cited by any other writer, we may suppose that Hippolytos drew them from the original.