These “grasshoppers” burned anthracite, as did the _York_. The cylinders of the newer two of the survivors have a 22-inch stroke and a 12½-inch bore (according to the 10th annual report of the B & O, for 1836, p. 22) and originally operated on a steam pressure of 50 pounds per square inch. With their thoroughly overhauled boilers, they now operate on 75. The bore of the _John Quincy Adams_ is slightly smaller, 12¼ inches (according to the 9th annual report of the B & O, for 1835, p. 24), unless it has been increased by wear or replacement. The wheelbase of each “grasshopper” is 49 inches, and the weight was originally about 8½ tons. The wheels, modern replacements, are about 34 inches in diameter but the original ones were several inches larger. All four wheels of each are (or were) connected by gearing and rods to the two cylinders. In converting the _Andrew Jackson_ to represent the _Atlantic_, however, the side rods were removed so that only its rear wheels now serve as drivers, as did those of the original _Atlantic_. It is of interest that at least one other “grasshopper” locomotive was built by Gillingham and Winans, but not for the B & O. Named the _Columbus_, this generally little known example was made in 1836 for the Leipzig to Dresden Railroad in Germany, and quite probably was the first American locomotive ever built for export. A description and illustration of it are found in the German publication “Hundert Jahre deutsche Eisenbahnen,” published in 1935. Two Midwestern Locomotives Among the early locomotives that have survived is the _Pioneer_ (figure 46), the first to have steamed out of Chicago, this having occurred on October 25, 1848, at the opening of the Galena and Chicago Union Rail Road. Built early in 1836, the _Pioneer_ was the 37th constructed by Matthias W. Baldwin and is the oldest Baldwin locomotive now in existence. It was originally sold to the Utica and Schenectady Rail Road, in New York’s Mohawk Valley, and was their locomotive _No. 7_. Later it was sold to the Michigan Central Railroad, by whom it was reportedly renamed the _Alert_, a name that is open to question. From the latter road the Galena and Chicago Union obtained it in 1848. In order to get the locomotive to Chicago, it had to be shipped by boat across Lake Michigan from Michigan City, Ind., and hauled by teams to the tracks. The little Baldwin locomotive at this time was given the name _Pioneer_. Its new owner, the Galena and Chicago Union, later, in 1864, was merged into the then 5-year-old Chicago and North Western Railway Co. [Illustration: Figure 46.—Chicago and North Western’s _Pioneer_, built in 1836 and oldest Baldwin locomotive in existence, as repainted for Chicago Railroad Fair of 1948.] [Illustration: Figure 47.—Earliest known photo of _Pioneer_, showing it at work in bridge construction at Rockford, Ill., in 1869.]