The gradient of the continental slope off the Scotian Shelf ranges from 1:10 to 1:25 along the profiles. In profiles W-7, W-8, W-10, and W-11 the 1:25 gradient abruptly decreases to 1:70 at about 700 fathoms; in W-9 the 1:25 gradient continues to almost 2000 fathoms. It is difficult to decide whether to include the 1:40 to 1:60 segments with the continental slope or with the continental rise. However, since we have picked the gradient of 1:40 as the minimum gradient for true continental slopes, these segments fall within the continental rise. The continental rise thus defined averages 160 miles in width off the Scotian Shelf. Gradients are generally greater here than in the continental rise farther south. The "Gully", a large submarine canyon shown on navigational charts, lies about 25 miles east of Sable Island. The submarine canyons of the Scotian Shelf have not been accurately mapped, but the existence of many canyons in this area has been shown by several fathograms obtained in this vicinity. Figure 14 illustrates one sounding profile nearly parallel to the shelf near the "Gully". Several small canyons about 100 fathoms deep occur between 100 and 700 fathoms. Several larger canyons 300-500 fathoms deep and 7-10 miles wide are crossed on the lower continental slope and upper continental rise. [Illustration: FIGURE 14.--_Submarine canyons off the Scotian Shelf_ Profile replotted from NMC echogram runs nearly parallel to trend of continental slope near Sable Island. On navigational charts largest canyon is known as the "Gully".] Gulf of Maine Entrance.--Southwest of the Scotian Shelf there is a narrow gap in the continental shelf similar to the Laurentian Channel. This feature, called either the Northeast Trough (Shepard, 1948) or Eastern Channel of the Gulf of Maine, is 15 miles wide and about 150 fathoms deep; it provides a deep-water entrance to the Gulf of Maine (Fig. 13). The Gulf of Maine is enclosed by Georges Bank off the New England shelf, Cape Cod, and southern Nova Scotia. This entrance has recently been described by Torphy and Zeigler (1957). Gulf of Maine Interior.--Much of the interior of the Gulf of Maine has been surveyed in exceptional detail by the Coast and Geodetic Survey. The reader is referred to Murray's paper (1947) for a thorough description of the floor of the Gulf of Maine. In general the floor is extremely irregular with several 20- to 40-fathom "hills" per mile. The floor is covered by sediment which transmits sound so readily that the area is noted for exceptionally pronounced sub-bottom reflections from the rock layers beneath the sediment.