8. (2.) Spikelets consisting of a terminal female flower surrounded by 3 or more male ones. Stamen 1. Female flowers not enclosed by an utricle-like bracteole. [Tribe BISBOECKELERIEAE, Subtribe CHRYSITRICHINAE.] 9 Spikelets 1-flowered, spicate, rarely 2-flowered or consisting of a basal female flower and several male ones. Stamens usually 3. Female flowers enclosed by an utricle-like bracteole. [Tribe CARICEAE.] 11 9. Male flowers 3. Style-branches 3. Spikelets numerous, in spikes which are sometimes arranged in panicles or heads.--Species 12. Tropics. (Including _Thoracostachyum_ Kurz) =Mapania= Aubl. Male flowers 6 or more. Spikelets in spikes arranged in heads. 10 10. Style-branches 2. Fruit not ribbed. Spikes consisting of numerous spikelets. Leaves reduced to the sheath.--Species 1. Madagascar. Used for plaiting-work. =Lepironia= Rich. Style-branches 3. Fruit many-striate. Spikes consisting of 1-4 spikelets.--Species 3. South Africa. =Chrysithrix= L. 11. Lateral spikelets consisting of one female flower and 1-6 male inserted above the female flower upon the distinctly developed axis of the spikelet; rarely male flowers reduced to empty glumes or wanting. Utricle usually 2-cleft.--Species 6. South and East Africa. (Including _Hemicarex_ Benth.) =Schoenoxiphium= Nees Lateral spikelets consisting only of 1 female flower and the usually rudimentary axis. Utricle closed, entire or toothed. 12 12. Axis of the spikelet projecting beyond the utricle and hooked at the tip.--Species 2. Subantarctic islands. =Uncinia= Pers. Axis of the spikelet enclosed and straight or more frequently rudimentary and usually early disappearing.--Species 80. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics. =Carex= L. 13. (1.) Spikelets (false spikelets) centrifugal, with a terminal flower, branched from the uppermost bract, 1-2-, rarely 3-6-flowered. 14 Spikelets centripetal, without a terminal flower, 3-many-, rarely 1-2-flowered; flowers hermaphrodite, a male one sometimes added. 24 14. Spikelets containing 1 terminal male flower and 1-2 lateral hermaphrodite flowers. Style dilated at the base.--Species 30. South Africa. (_Elynanthus_ Nees, including _Macrochaetium_ Steud.) [Tribe GAHNIEAE.] =Tetraria= Beauv. Spikelets containing only hermaphrodite flowers, a male one being sometimes added. [Tribe RHYNCHOSPOREAE.] 15 15. Glumes 2-ranked. Style-branches 3. 16 Glumes not distinctly 2-ranked. 19 16. Perianth-bristles 6, alternately unequal. Fruit crowned by the base of the style. Spikelets in heads.--Species 9. South Africa, Madagascar and Mascarene Islands. (Under _Carpha_ R. Br.) =Asterochaete= Nees Perianth-bristles equal or wanting. 17 17. Perianth-bristles stiff, not feathery, or wanting. Fruit not beaked.--Species 6. South Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands, Abyssinia, North Africa. (Including _Epischoenus_ C.B. Clarke). =Schoenus= L. Perianth-bristles feathery. 18