31. Style-branches 2. Spikelets containing an hermaphrodite and sometimes also a male flower, arranged in heads.--Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. The root-stock of some species is used in perfumery and medicine; others yield fodder. (Plate 9.) =Kyllinga= Rottb. Style-branches 3, rarely 1-2, but then spikelets many-flowered. 32 32. Fertile flowers in each spikelet 1-2. Glumes with a winged keel, the lower glume enclosing the upper one. Spikelets in umbellately arranged heads.--Species 2. Tropics to Transvaal. =Courtoisia= Nees Fertile flowers in each spikelet 3 or more, rarely 1-2, but then glumes not winged or the lower glume not enclosing the upper one. 33 33. Glumes with the margins united into a cylinder at their base, long acuminate at the top. Spikelets terete, 3-4-flowered, in spikes. Stamens 2.--Species 1. South-east Africa. (Under _Mariscus_ Gaertn. or _Cyperus_ L.) =Cylindrolepis= Boeck. Glumes with free margins.--Species 300. The root-stocks of some (especially _C. esculentus_ L.) are eaten and used for the preparation of oil, perfume, and medicaments; the culms (especially of _C. Papyrus_ L.) are used for making paper and for plaiting-work; some species serve as fodder-or ornamental plants, others are noxious weeds. (Including _Galilea_ Parl., _Juncellus_ Griseb., _Mariscus_ Vahl, _Pycreus_ Beauv., and _Torulinium_ Desv.) =Cyperus= L. 34. (28.) Style conspicuously thickened at the base. 35 Style not or slightly thickened at the base. 37 35. Perianth none. Style deciduous.--Species 75. Some are used as fodder. (Including _Abildgaardia_ Vahl and _Bulbostylis_ Kunth). =Fimbristylis= Vahl Perianth consisting of 3-8 bristles. Base of the style usually persistent. 36 36. Spikelets in heads. Glumes in 5 rows.--Species 1. Tropics. (Under _Fuirena_ Rottb.) =Pentasticha= Turcz. Spikelets solitary.--Species 25. Some are used for plaiting-work or yield starch. (_Eleocharis_ R. Br.) =Heleocharis= R. Br. 37. Flowers with a toothed or lobed, persistent disc at the base of the ovary. Glumes usually brown or black.--Species 65. South Africa and mountains of East Africa and Madagascar. =Ficinia= Schrad. Flowers without a disc. 38 38. Perianth-bristles 6 or more, much elongated after flowering. Spikelets solitary or in umbels.--Species 1. South Africa. The cotton-like perianth-bristles are used for stuffing cushions. “Cotton-grass.” =Eriophorum= L. Perianth-bristles not elongated or wanting. 39 39. Glumes hairy, like the whole plant. Perianth of 3-6 toothed scales or bristles.--Species 20. =Fuirena= Rottb. Glumes glabrous.--Species 70. Some are used as ornamental plants or for plaiting-work, others have edible root-stocks, also used in medicine. (Including _Isolepis_ R. Br. and _Schoenoplectus_ Reichb.) =Scirpus= L. ORDER PRINCIPES FAMILY 18. PALMAE