Female flowers with 2 sepals and 2 petals, solitary or in pairs. Leaves usually narrow. Low-growing plants.--Species 4. South Africa. (Under _Cissampelos_ L.) =Antizoma= Miers 3. Sepals 6-8, usually 6, rarely in the female flowers 3-4. 4 Sepals 9-24. 22 4. Sepals 6-8 in the male flowers, 3-4 in the female, usually equal in length. Petals 2-4. Carpels solitary.--Species 5. Central and South Africa. (Including _Homocnemia_ Miers and _Perichasma_ Miers). =Stephania= Lour. Sepals 6-8 in both sexes. Petals usually 6. Carpels 3-6. 5 5. Sepals nearly equal in length. 6 Sepals very unequal in length, the outer usually much shorter than the inner. 7 6. Petals none. Filaments entirely united. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stigmas thick, entire.--Species 5. Central Africa. (Including _Ropalandria_ Stapf). =Dioscoreophyllum= Engl. Petals 6. Anthers opening transversely. Stigmas lobed. Leaves lobed.--Species 2. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used medicinally. “Calumba-root.” =Iatrorrhiza= Miers 7. Petals 3. Stamens 3. Filaments united beyond the middle. Anthers opening by a transverse slit. Flowers in spreading panicles. Leaves sinuated or dissected.--Species 3. Equatorial West Africa. =Syntriandrium= Engl. Petals 5-8, usually 6, rarely (_Tiliacora_) 3, but then stamens 6-9 and leaves undivided, very rarely (_Penianthus_) petals wanting. 8 8. Stamens 15-30. Filaments united. Anthers opening outwards by a transverse slit. Carpels 4-6. Inner sepals united nearly to the top. Male flowers fascicled, female solitary.--Species 2. Central Africa to Delagoa Bay. =Epinetrum= Hiern Stamens 3-9, usually 6. 9 9. Filaments free or united at the base only. 10 Filaments, at least the inner ones, united to the middle or beyond. 17 10. Anthers opening by 1-2 transverse slits. 11 Anthers opening by 2 longitudinal slits. 13 11. Anthers opening by two slits. Staminodes in the female flowers 6 or 0. Stigmas entire. Fruits ovoid, reniform, or globular; scar of the style nearly basal. Endocarp ribbed. Seeds with a scanty uniform albumen and thick-fleshy cotyledons. Flowers in fascicles sometimes arranged in racemes.--Species 5. Tropics to Delagoa Bay, Sahara and Egypt. They yield dyes, drinks, and medicaments. (_Cebatha_ Forsk.) (Plate 47.) =Cocculus= L. Anthers opening by one slit. Fruits oblong or elliptical; scar of the style nearly terminal. 12 12. Anthers opening by a slit across the apex. Staminodes in the female flowers 6 or 0. Stigmas entire. Endocarp smooth. Seeds exalbuminous, with fleshy cotyledons. Stem erect. Leaves lanceolate to ovate, penninerved. Flowers in glomerules or false umbels.--Species 2. West Africa. (Including _Heptacyclum_ Engl.) =Penianthus= Miers