Anthers opening by a semicircular slit on the inside. Staminodes 3. Stigmas 3-cleft. Endocarp spiny. Seeds with a ruminate albumen and thin leaf-like cotyledons. Stem climbing. Leaves cordate-ovate, 5-nerved. Male flowers in spreading panicles, female in racemes.--Species 4. West Africa. =Kolobopetalum= Engl. 13. Anthers opening laterally, almost outwards. Carpels 3. Leaves cordate-ovate, palmately 5-7-nerved. 14 Anthers opening inwards. Leaves palmately 3-nerved, peltate, or penninerved. 15 14. Leaves deeply cordate at the base. Styles short. Staminodes in the female flowers 6.--Species 1. Northern Central Africa. =Tinospora= Miers Leaves slightly cordate. Styles none. Filaments united at the base.--Species 7. Tropical and South-east Africa. =Desmonema= Miers 15. Leaves palmately 3-nerved, oblong. Carpels 3. Seeds straight.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Under _Cocculus_ DC.) =Orthogynium= Baill. Leaves peltate or penninerved. Seeds curved. 16 16. Leaves peltate. Flowers in racemes. Filaments free, flattened. Endocarp tubercled, hairy. Cotyledons thin, leaf-like.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). (Under _Tinospora_ Miers). =Platytinospora= Diels Leaves lanceolate to ovate, not peltate. Carpels 6 or more. Staminodes in the female flowers none. Fruits with a basal style-scar; endocarp smooth or wrinkled. Cotyledons thick, fleshy.--Species 12, Central Africa. (Including _Glossopholis_ Pierre, under _Limacia_ Lour.) =Tiliacora= Colebr. 17. (9.) Outer stamens free, inner united to the middle. Carpels 9; scar of the style basal. Seeds spirally twisted, without albumen. Leaves oblong or lanceolate. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Spirospermum= Thouars Outer and inner stamens more or less united. 18 18. Outer stamens united at the base, inner up to the anthers. Anthers opening lengthwise, the inner laterally, the outer inwards. Carpels 3; endocarp spiny. Leaves cordate-ovate. Flowers fascicled in racemes.--Species 1. West Africa. (_Miersiophyton_ Engl., under _Chasmanthera_ Miers). =Rhigiocarya= Miers Outer and inner stamens united to the middle or beyond. 19 19. Anthers opening by a semicircular slit. Carpels 3; stigmas 3-cleft. Endocarp spiny. Flowers in panicles. (See 12.) =Kolobopetalum= Engl. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Endocarp smooth, wrinkled, or tubercled. 20 20. Carpels 6-30. Scar of the style basal. Cotyledons fleshy. Anthers opening inwards. (See 16.) =Tiliacora= Colebr. Carpels 3. Scar of the style terminal. Flowers fascicled in racemes. 21 21. Petals unequal. Style none. Leaves undivided. (See 14.) =Desmonema= Miers Petals subequal. Stamens 6. Styles short. Stigmas cleft. Leaves broadly cordate.--Species 2. Central Africa. One species has edible tubers. =Chasmanthera= Hochst. 22. (3.) Inner sepals united nearly to the tip. 23 Inner sepals free or nearly so. 24