Fruit turgid. Stem branched. Leaves radical and cauline. Flowers racemose.--Species 2, one spontaneous in North Africa and naturalized in South Africa, the second (_R. sativus_ L.) cultivated and naturalized in various regions. The latter yields salad, oil, and medicaments. “Radish.” (_Raphanus_ L.) =Rhaphanus= L. 58. Lower joint of the fruit 1-celled, indehiscent, 1-4-seeded. Hispid herbs. Leaves lyrate, the upper toothed. Flowers, at least the lower, subtended by bracts.--Species 4. North Africa to Nubia. =Enarthrocarpus= Labill. Lower joint of the fruit 2-celled lengthwise, usually dehiscing in two valves, 4-12-seeded. Almost glabrous herbs. Leaves dissected. Flowers without bracts. (See 55). =Erucaria= Gaertn. 59. (46.) Fruit 1-seeded, flat, winged, 6-nerved, indehiscent. Stigma sessile. Radicle incumbent. Petals yellow. Leaves undivided.--Species 5. North Africa. Woad (_I. tinctoria_ L.) yields a dye, other species are used medicinally. =Isatis= L. Fruit 2-or more-seeded. 60 60. Fruit-valves flat, but sometimes with a prominent midrib. 61 Fruit-valves convex or keeled. 67 61. Stigmatic lobes long, erect, sometimes connate. Median glands none. Radicle incumbent; cotyledons folded. Lateral sepals saccate. Petals violet or purple. Glabrous plants. 62 Stigmatic lobes short or not developed. Median, sometimes confluent, glands besides the lateral ones present, rarely only the latter, but then radicle accumbent. Radicle accumbent or incumbent; in the latter case cotyledons flat, rarely folded, but then sepals not saccate. 63 62. Seeds broadly winged, in a single row. Fruit broadly linear. Petals with a broad claw. Shrubs. Leaves linear-oblong, sessile, entire.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). (Including _Oudneya_ R. Br.) =Henophyton= Coss. & Durieu Seeds narrowly or not winged. Fruit narrowly linear. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided, the upper stem-clasping, or pinnately divided. (See 50.). =Moricandia= DC. 63. Radicle of the embryo incumbent. Seeds usually in 2 rows. Leaves, at least the lower, pinnately divided. 64 Radicle of the embryo accumbent. Seeds usually in a single row. 65 64. Seeds oblong. Cotyledons not folded. Sepals converging or erect, the lateral saccate at the base. Petals purple or violet.--Species 2. North Africa. =Ammosperma= Hook. fil. Seeds ovoid or globose. Cotyledons folded. Fruit-valves 1-nerved. Sepals erect or spreading, not saccate. (See 50.). =Diplotaxis= DC. 65. Fruit-valves without distinct veins, opening elastically. Fruit linear or linear-lanceolate. Seeds in a single row, oblong or elliptical, not winged. Sepals not saccate. Leaves usually pinnately divided.--Species 8. Some of them are used as salad or in medicine. “Bittercress.” =Cardamine= L. Fruit-valves with distinct veins, not elastic. Fruit linear. Leaves usually undivided. 66 66. Fruit-valves with a faint midnerve. Seeds in a single row. (See 13.) =Arabis= L.