Shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, gland-dotted, without stipules. Flowers in cymes, 3-4-merous, hermaphrodite, with an elongated receptacle. Petals free, imbricate in bud. Stamens 3-4, alternating with the petals; filaments without an appendage. Ovary 3-4-lobed, 3-4-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, one above the other, pendulous, curved. Style simple; stigmas 3. Fruit separating in two 2-celled drupes. Seeds with a curved embryo and fleshy albumen. (Under _SIMARUBACEAE_.) Genus 1, species 1. Canary Islands. Used medicinally. (Under _Cneorum_ L.) =Chamaelea= Tourn. FAMILY 115. RUTACEAE Leaves gland-dotted, at least at the margin, rarely (_Empleuridium_) without dots. Petals free, rarely (_Empleurum_) wanting. Disc usually present. Anthers versatile, opening inwards or laterally by longitudinal slits. Embryo rather large, the radicle turned upwards.--Genera 33, species 320. (Including _AURANTIACEAE_ and _XANTHOXYLEAE_.) (Plate 73.) 1. Fruit dehiscent and more or less dry. Carpels, at least when ripe, more or less separate, rarely only one present. [Subfamily =RUTOIDEAE=.] 2 Fruit indehiscent and more or less fleshy. Carpels usually united, even when ripe, rarely only one present. Shrubs or trees. Leaves compound, but sometimes with a single leaflet. 19 2. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Flowers hermaphrodite. Corolla yellow. Stamens 8-10. Ovules 2, or more frequently more than 2 in each carpel. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved. [Tribe RUTEAE.] 3 Stem woody. Corolla green, white, red, or violet, rarely (Empleurum) wanting. Fertile stamens 3-5, rarely (_Pelea_) 8-10. Ovules 2 in each carpel. 4 3. Carpels 2, with 5-6 ovules in each. Flowers 4-merous. Petals entire. Seeds spiny. Undershrubs. Leaves undivided or 3-parted.--Species 2. German South-west Africa (Hereroland) and Island of Socotra. =Thamnosma= Torr. Carpels 4-5. Seeds tubercled.--Species 8. North Africa and northern Central Africa. Some species yield condiments and medicaments. “Rue.” (Including _Desmophyllum_ Webb and _Haplophyllum_ Juss.) =Ruta= L. 4. Seeds albuminous. Corolla greenish or whitish. Leaves usually compound. [Tribe XANTHOXYLEAE.] 5 Seeds exalbuminous. Corolla white, red, violet, or wanting. Leaves simple, undivided. [Tribe DIOSMEAE.] 7 5. Stamens 8-10. Carpels 4-5. Trees. Leaves alternate, undivided. Flowers polygamous.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Under _Melicope_ Forst.) =Pelea= A. Gray Stamens 3-5. 6 6. Leaves opposite. Flowers unisexual. Carpels 4-5. Styles united. Seeds oblong. Unarmed plants.--Species 15. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Some are used medicinally. =Evodia= Forst. Leaves alternate. Carpels 1-5. Styles free or united above.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, vegetables, condiments, and medicaments. (Including _Pterota_ P. Br., under _Zanthoxylum_ L.) =Fagara= L. 7. Carpels 1-2. Fertile stamens 4. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Shrubs. [Subtribe EMPLEURINAE.] 8