32. (24.) Filaments repeatedly branched. Anther-halves numerous, separate, globose. Tall herbs or shrubs. Leaves palmately lobed. Flowers monoecious.--Species 1 (_R. communis_ L., castor-oil-plant). Spontaneous in the tropics, naturalized in other parts of Africa. An ornamental plant yielding fibre, fodder, and poisonous oily seeds used in medicine. =Ricinus= L. Filaments not branched. 33 33. Anther-halves plainly separate, oblong or linear, often twisted. Filaments 6-20, free. Styles free, usually divided. Trees or shrubs. 34 Anther-halves contiguous or nearly so, oblong to globular. 35 34. Bracts of the female flowers leaf-like. Sepals of the female flowers 3-5, small. Stamens usually 8. Disc none. Male flowers spicate, female spicate, paniculate, or solitary.--Species 80. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Acalypha= L. Bracts of the female flowers small. Sepals of the female flowers 4-6, broad. Disc absent in the male flowers, flat and lobed in the female. Flowers spicate.--Species 4. West Africa. =Mareya= Baill. 35. Anthers 2-celled, at least after opening. 36 Anthers 3-4-celled, even after opening. Trees or shrubs. 57 36. Anther-halves oblong, attached lengthwise or above the middle. 37 Anther-halves ovoid or globose, attached by the base or the tip, rarely in the middle. 50 37. Stamens 3-10. Trees or shrubs. 38 Stamens numerous. 43 38. Calyx valvate in bud. Stamens 5-10; filaments united throughout. Rudimentary pistil exceeding the staminal tube. Styles very short, 2-lobed. Trees. Leaves 3-foliolate. Flowers in panicles, monoecious.--Species 2. Cultivated in the tropics. They yield rubber (para-rubber): (_Siphonia_ Schreb.) =Hevea= Aubl. Calyx closed in bud. Stamens 3-10; filaments free or united at the base only. Styles distinctly developed. Leaves simple, undivided. 39 39. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Stamens 6-10. Filaments free, bent twice. Styles divided into many branches. Flowers monoecious. Shrubs with stellate hairs. 40 Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Filaments united at the base. Styles undivided or with 2 branches. Flowers usually dioecious. 41 40. Sepals of the female flowers 6, entire, united halfway up. Styles free.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. (Under _Cephalocroton_ Hochst.) =Cephalocrotonopsis= Pax Sepals of the female flowers pinnately dissected. Styles united at the base.--Species 8. East Africa to Transvaal, Madagascar, and German South-west Africa. =Cephalocroton= Hochst. 41. Styles at first united, finally free. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Glabrous shrubs. Leaves 3-5-nerved at the base. Male inflorescences catkin-like, springing from the old wood.--Species 5. Tropics. Some yield dye-stuffs. =Lepidoturus= Baill. Styles free or nearly so. Seeds without an outgrowth. Male inflorescences spike-or panicle-like, axillary. 42