1. Leaves alternate (as are also the floral leaves), but sometimes fascicled, needle-like. Stamens with 2 pollen-sacs. Pollen-grains with air-bladders. Carpels divided into an inner and an outer scale, leathery or woody when ripe. Ovules and seeds 2 to each carpel; ovules turned downwards. [Tribe ABIETINEAE.] 2 Leaves opposite or whorled. Stamens with 3-5, very rarely 2 pollen-sacs. Pollen-grains without air-bladders. Ovules turned upwards. [Tribe CUPRESSINEAE.] 4 2. Shoots all alike (all long). Leaves solitary, flat. Pollen-sacs opening obliquely or transversely; connective without an appendage. Cones ripening the first year; scales leathery.--Species 2. North-west Africa. The wood and the resin are used, the latter especially for the preparation of turpentine. “Silver fir.” =Abies= Juss. Shoots of two kinds, long and short. Leaves of the short shoots in clusters of two or more, surrounded by scales when young. Pollen-sacs opening longitudinally; connective with an appendage. Cones ripening the second or third year; scales woody. 3 [Illustration: CYCADACEAE. _FLOW. PL. AFR._ _Pl. 1._ J. Fleischmann del. Encephalartos Lemarinelianus De Wild. & Dur. _A_ Young plant. _B_ Male inflorescence. _C_ Stamen. _D_ Pollen-sacs. _E_ Female inflorescence. _F_ Carpel. (_A_ partly from De Wildeman, Notices sur des plantes utiles ou intéréssantes de la flore du Congo.)] [Illustration: PINACEAE. _FLOW. PL. AFR._ _Pl. 2._ J. Fleischmann del. Callitris cupressoides (L.) Schrad. _A_ Fruiting branch. _B_ Male inflorescence. _C_ Stamen. _D_ Fruit. _E_ Carpel. _F_ Seed.] 3. Leaves all needle-like; those of the short shoots in clusters of many; those of the long shoots scattered. Flowers inserted upon short shoots, the males solitary. Cone-scales flat, imbricate, without a terminal appendage, deciduous.--Species 2. North-west Africa. They yield timber and medicinal drugs. “Cedar.” =Cedrus= Loud. Leaves of the short shoots needle-like, in clusters of two or three, very rarely solitary; leaves of the long shoots scale-like. Male flowers in spikes replacing short shoots; female flowers towards the end of the branches, replacing long shoots. Cone-scales thick, with a terminal umbonate appendage, persistent.--Species 4. North Africa; also naturalized in South Africa and St. Helena. Wood, bark, and resin are used for carpenters’ and joiners’ work, for tanning and for the manufacture of paper, tar, pitch, colophony, turpentine, and other chemical products, as well as in medicine. The seeds of some species (especially those of the stone-pine, _P. Pinea_ L.) are edible. “Pine.” =Pinus= L. 4. Fruit fleshy, berry-or drupe-like. Seeds not winged, as many as the carpels or fewer. Leaves usually needle-like.--Species 9. North and East Africa. They yield wood, bark for tanning, resin, an essential oil, brandy (gin), and medicines; some are used as ornamental plants. (Including _Arceuthos_ Ant. & Kotschy and _Sabina_ Spach). =Juniperus= L.