Fruit woody, cone-like. Seeds winged, as many as the carpels or more. Leaves usually scale-like. 5 5. Carpels 4, valve-like, separating at the apex when ripe, 1-10-seeded.--Species 8, one of them only naturalized. North, South, and southern East Africa, Madagascar and Mauritius. Some of them (especially _C. quadrivalvis_ Vent.) yield timber and resin (sandarac) which is used for the preparation of lacquer, varnish, cement, and in medicine. (Including _Tetraclinis_ Mast. and _Widdringtonia_ Endl.) (Plate 2.) =Callitris= Vent. Carpels 8-10, peltate, separating at the margins when ripe, many-seeded.--Species 1. Cultivated in North Africa as an ornamental plant and sometimes naturalized. It yields timber and is used in medicine. “Cypress.” =Cupressus= L. CLASS III. GNETALES FAMILY 4. GNETACEAE Stem woody. Juice not resinous. Leaves opposite, undivided. Flowers in spikes or panicles or the female solitary, unisexual, but the male sometimes with rudimentary ovules. Perianth of the male flowers tubular or 2-4-parted, of the female bladder-like. Stamens 2-8. Ovule 1, erect, straight. Embryo with 2 cotyledons.--Genera 3 species 8. North and Central Africa. 1. Stem turnip-shaped, very short. Leaves 2, very large, sessile, linear, with parallel nerves. Flowers in panicled spikes; the male consisting of a 4-partite perianth, 6 stamens with 3-celled anthers, and a rudimentary ovule. Ovule with a single coat.--Species 1; German South-west Africa and Angola. (_Tumboa_ Welw.) [Subfamily =WELWITSCHIOIDEAE=.] =Welwitschia= Hook. fil. Stem shrubby or twining. Leaves numerous, not very large. Male flowers consisting of a 2-partite or a tubular, undivided perianth and 2-8 stamens with 1-2-celled anthers, without rudimentary ovules, but sometimes accompanied by sterile female flowers. 2 2. Leaves large, with a short foot-stalk, lanceolate oblong elliptical or oval, penninerved. Stem climbing. Flowers in spikes or panicles, the male consisting of a tubular, undivided perianth and 2 stamens with 1-celled anthers. Ovule with two coats.--Species 2. West Africa. The young leaves are used as a vegetable. [Subfamily =GNETOIDEAE=.] =Gnetum= L. Leaves scale-like. Male flowers in spikes or panicles, female solitary or in pairs. Male flowers consisting of a 2-partite perianth and 2-8 stamens with 2-celled anthers. Ovule with a single coat exceeding the perianth.--Species 5. North Africa and northern Central Africa. The fruits of some species are eaten or used in medicine. [Subfamily =EPHEDROIDEAE=.] =Ephedra= L. SUBDIVISION ANGIOSPERMAE CLASS IV. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE ORDER PANDANALES FAMILY 5. TYPHACEAE