_Fomites._ Any non-animate agents or substances that transmit contagion such as blankets, towels, handkerchiefs, or any articles which have been contaminated by the secretions or excretions of the sick. _Endemic._ A disease which is permanently present in a people or district, it may become epidemic. _Epidemic._ A rapidly and widely spreading disease attacking many people. _Pandemic._ A wide and rapidly spreading Epidemic affecting many people and all countries. _Sporadic._ A disease occurring here and there, not attacking many people, not widely spread nor epidemic. _Incubation._ The period between the implanting or acquiring of a communicable disease and its development; and visible by external signs or other recognisable manifestations. CHAPTER II. INFLUENZA EPIDEMICS IN U. S. AMERICA. A.D. 1557. Appeared in America. Spread from Constantinople. Very fatal. 1580. Pandemic II. Spread to America. 1647. For the first time mentioned in the history of America. Swept the plantations in the South. 1732–33. Pandemic III. October 1732 appeared in Connecticut. Following day in Massachusetts; Annapolis two days later, attacked 50% of the garrison. 1761. Appeared in the spring. Northern parts of U. S. A. Philadelphia, Massachusetts and Weymouth. 1767. Appeared in the month of May. 1775–76. Epidemic in the U. S. A. 1781–82. Pandemic IV. Very severe, widespread, appeared in the spring. Began in the east, China, thence to India, Russia, western Europe. Named the “Russian Catarrh.” Appeared in U. S. A. in April 1782. 1788–89. Prevailed extensively in U. S. A. From the 15th to the 45th degree of latitude, spread over this area in 6 to 8 weeks. 1807. Generally disseminated throughout the U. S. A. 1815. 〃 〃 〃 〃 1824. 〃 〃 〃 〃 1825. 〃 〃 〃 〃 1826. 〃 〃 〃 〃 1830. Pandemic VI. November 1831 reached America. Seat of the outbreak Manila, P. I., in September, 1830. 1843. Very prevalent in New England in the month of June. 1850–51. Epidemic in the U. S. A. 1873. Prevalent in the States of Pennsylvania, Ohio, Virginia, Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Missouri, Alabama, Louisiana, Texas. 1874–75. Reoccurred in all the above States. 1879. Epidemic in the U. S. A. 1889–90. Pandemic IX. Began in May, 1889, at Bukhara, Russian Turkestan. One of the worst pandemics ever known; ran over the whole globe in a few months. America infected from both Siberia and Europe. Appeared in New York end of October 1889.