(_Prometheus Unbound_), Byron (_Manfred_ and _Cain_, with character of Prometheus). Browning’s _Balaustion’s Adventure_ (= Euripides’ _Alcestis_). Comic Drama ARISTO´PHANES (and _Old_ comedy) fl. 425-385 B.C. PLAYS (11 extant, _e.g._, _Birds_, _Clouds_, _Frogs_), (political and personal). MENA´NDER (and _New_ comedy) fl. 310 B.C. PLAYS of character and manners (fragments extant). Adapted by Plautus and Terence, and thence borrowed by Molière. Shakespeare’s _Comedy of Errors_ from Plautus (_Menaechmi_) from the Greek. Ben Jonson’s comedies of “humours.” English translations from Molière (Dryden, Fielding, etc. ) can be affiliated to Greek. Thence English comedy so far as determined by French, from Goldsmith to modern adaptations. Pastoral Idylls THEO´CRITUS (and his school) fl. 270 B.C. IDYLLS of country life (and pastoral “laments” by his disciples Bion, Moschus). Imitated by Virgil (_Eclogues_), and thence by Sannazaro, etc. Pastorals proper by Spenser (_Shepheard’s Calender_), Drayton, Pope, etc. Mixed with ‘romance’ in Sidney’s _Arcadia_. Pastoral laments in Milton’s _Lycidas_, Shelley’s _Adonais_, Matthew Arnold’s _Thyrsis_. Idylls in Tennyson (_Œnone_). History HERO´DOTUS lived 484-428 B.C. HISTORY (conflict of Asia and Europe). THUCY´DIDES lived 471-400 B.C. HISTORY (of Peloponnesian War) XE´NOPHON lived 430-355 B.C. ANA´BASIS, HELLE´NICA, etc. Models of Latin historians, _e.g._, Sallust, Livy, Tacitus. Theoretically English historians emulated Thucydides. In practice they rather follow the Romans. The influence of the Greek “inventors” of history is everywhere, but does not admit of brief specification. Oratory DEMOS´THENES (and the “Attic canon,” ISOCRATES, etc.) lived 384-322 B.C. SPEECHES (public, _e.g._, _Philippics_, and private). The Roman orators were avowed students of Greek methods. French oratory follows. Influence indirect. _See_ “Conspectus of Latin Literature.” Philosophy PLATO lived 429-347 B.C. DIALOGUES (ethical, politico-ethical, etc.)—_e.g._, _Republic_, _Symposium_. Affects all subsequent philosophy. Platonic thought and terms are an element in all modern English philosophy. The thoughts markedly present in many poets, _e.g._, Shelley, Wordsworth (_Intimations of Immortality_). Plato’s literary method (dialogue) adopted by Berkeley (_Alciphron_), Landor, etc. Plato’s _Republic_ the starting point for ideal commonwealths, _e.g._, More’s _Utopia_, Bacon’s _New Atlantis_. ARISTOTLE