Comment is requisite upon the reproaches addressed by G. F. Nicolai to certain Christian sects. In the various countries of Europe, opposition to the war, on the part of those he names, was far more vigorous than has been commonly supposed. Inasmuch as the authorities ruthlessly but silently suppressed all opposition, it is only since the close of the war that we have been able to glean information concerning these conscientious revolts and sacrifices. Without dwelling upon the story of the thousands of conscientious objectors in the United States and in England (where Bertrand Russell has been their defender and interpreter), I wish to mention that Paul Birinkov has drawn my attention to the attitude of the Nazarenes in Hungary and Serbia, where large numbers of them were shot. He has also given me information concerning the doings of the Tolstoyans, the Dukhobors, the Adventists, the Young Baptists, etc., in Russia. As for the Mennonites, according to the reports of Dr. Pierre Kennel, in the United States most of them refused to subscribe to the war loans. They were not compelled to undertake combatant duties, but they accepted service in the battalions for the reconstruction of the devastated regions in northern France. In tsarist Russia, and in a number of the German states, they were granted exemption from combatant service, and did duty in the medical corps or other auxiliary drafts. In France, by a decree of the Convention (respected by Napoleon) they were likewise assigned to non-combatant service. But the Third Republic disregarded this decree. R. R. _Printed in Great Britain by_ UNWIN BROTHERS, LIMITED, THE GRESHAM PRESS, WOKING AND LONDON FOOTNOTES: [1] Published in pamphlet form by La Maison Française, Paris, 1918. [2] Except the last two stanzas, which were composed in the autumn of the same year. [3] Conversation with L. Mabilleau, "Opinion," June 20, 1908. [4] In a recent issue of the "Revue des Deux Mondes." [5] Institut für Kulturforschung (Institute for the Study of Civilisation), founded at Vienna in February, 1915, by Dr. Erwin Hanslick. So rapid was its success that in February, 1916, it gave birth to the Institute for the Study of the East and the Orient. [6] "Nature," writes Voltaire in _L'Homme aux quarante écus_, "is like those great princes who think nothing of the loss of 400,000 men, provided they can fulfil their own august designs." The princes of to-day, great and small alike, are more spendthrift! [7] Cf. Victor Bérard's brief account of the Manchurian campaign in _La révolte de l'Asie_. Cf. also _Les derniers jours de Pékin_, where Pierre Loti describes the destruction of Tung-Chow, "the City of Celestial Purity." [8] Numerous issues of "Cahiers de la Quinzaine" have been devoted to castigating the crimes of civilisation. I may mention: