In 1948 when the extensive open parts of the Reservation were grazed and cultivated, small trees were inconspicuous and few. Mature trees, with trunk diameters of 9 inches to more than two feet, were distributed over the pastured areas, however, with groves of American elm, honey locust, and walnut near the edges of the woods, and occasional scattered trees of these species and of osage orange, coffee-tree, red haw, hackberry, and ash. Table 2.--Percentages of Different Kinds of Small Trees (Six Inches to a Foot in Trunk Diameter) on Different Slope Exposures. ---------------------------+--------+----------+--------+--------- | North | Hilltops | West | South | slopes | | slopes | slopes ---------------------------+--------+----------+--------+--------- | | | | Elm | 29.6 | 29.9 | 34.6 | 57.9 Chestnut oak | 29.6 | 17.5 | 15.5 | .4 Hickory | 11.1 | 25.4 | 28.4 | .8 Walnut | 5.6 | .7 | 7.4 | 5.3 Hackberry | 13.0 | 1.0 | 3.7 | 26.4 Black oak | 1.9 | 16.3 | | Red oak | 1.9 | | 6.8 | Locust | | 3.3 | | 3.0 Osage orange | | 2.0 | | 1.5 Coffee-tree | 1.9 | .7 | | 1.1 Cherry | | | | .4 Red haw | | 2.4 | | Mulberry | | .7 | | Redbud | 9.3 | | 3.7 | .8 Boxelder | | | | 2.6 | | | | Total trees in sample | 54 | 295 | 162 | 266 ---------------------------+--------+----------+--------+--------- In 1949 soon after the discontinuance of grazing and cultivation, a large crop of tree seedlings became established. Each year thereafter the numbers were augmented by new crops of seedlings, but conditions rapidly became less favorable for their establishment, as the ground cover of herbaceous vegetation became thicker. The numbers and kinds of young trees that became established differed markedly in different situations. The seedlings present in large numbers were those of elm, honey locust, boxelder, dogwood, walnut, osage orange and crab-apple. There was none of the climax species--oaks or hickories--in the sample. Table 3.--Numbers of Young Trees Per Acre in Fields of the Reservation, June, 1952.