Of birds, for example, some 23 species characteristic of the eastern deciduous forests have been found nesting on the Reservation, as have 14 additional species that are mainly eastern in their distribution but are most characteristic of forest-edge thickets, clearings, or marshy places. The ruffed grouse (_Bonasa umbellus_) and wild turkey (_Meleagris gallopavo_) are not present on the area, although they may have occurred there earlier. Other forest birds which occur in the general area, and which have been recorded from time to time on the Reservation, although they seem not to nest there, are: chuck-will's-widow (_Caprimulgus carolinensis_), scarlet tanager (_Piranga olivacea_), Acadian flycatcher (_Empidonax virescens_), veery (_Hylocichla fuscescens_), parula warbler (_Parula americana_), oven-bird (_Seiurus aurocapillus_), and orchard oriole (_Icterus spurius_). For each of these, habitat conditions on the Reservation seem to be deficient in some respect. On the other hand, the only typical prairie bird that breeds on the Reservation is the dickcissel (_Spiza americana_). Others, including the Swainson hawk (_Buteo swainsoni_), greater prairie chicken (_Tympanuchus cupido_), upland plover (_Bartramia longicauda_), western kingbird (_Tyrannus verticalis_) and loggerhead shrike (_Lanius ludovicianus_), occur in the general area, and may even cross the Reservation at times, but they do not become established. In the mammalian fauna, species typical of the deciduous forests include the opossum (_Didelphis marsupialis_), short-tailed shrew (_Blarina brevicauda_), eastern mole (_Scalopus aquaticus_), eastern gray squirrel (_Sciurus carolinensis_), and pine vole (_Microtus pinetorum_), but the eastern chipmunk (_Tamias striatus_) and southern flying squirrel (_Glaucomys volans_) are lacking. Also, the present fauna lacks large mammals that may have been present under original conditions: the white-tailed deer (_Odocoileus virginianus_), recorded on the area from time to time but not permanently established there, the wapiti (_Cervus americanus_), black bear (Ursus americanus), and bobcat (_Lynx rufus_). Other species on the area, that are characteristic of the deciduous woodlands, but that occur also far west into prairie regions, include the little short-tailed shrew (_Cryptotis parva_), raccoon (_Procyon lotor_), fox squirrel (_Sciurus niger_), white-footed mouse (_Peromyscus leucopus_), eastern woodrat (_Neotoma floridana_) and eastern cottontail. On the area, the only mammals that are sharply confined to grasslands, elsewhere as well as on the Reservation, are the plains pocket gopher (_Geomys bursarius_) and plains harvest mouse (_Reithrodontomys montanus_), both of which are rare on the area, and the hispid cotton rat (_Sigmodon hispidus_). The following species are typical of the plains, but they range eastward into the region of deciduous forests: western harvest mouse