One of the earliest changes was the destruction of the bottomland forest. With the rapid settlement of the region in the sixties and seventies, lumber was in demand and the supply was limited. The cleared land was productive as pasture. Heavy grazing combined with drought, gradually altered the original tall grass prairie; the bluestems and other perennial grasses were replaced by the introduced blue grass and by various weedy forbs. Prolonged protection from fire permitted encroachment of trees and shrubs into situations where they had not grown previously. Heavy grazing however, tended to hold in check the spread of the woody vegetation. When the bottomlands had been cut over, lumbering operations were extended onto those hillsides where the better stands of trees were located. The cutting of large, mature oaks, walnuts, and hickories opened up the woodland and permitted large scale encroachment by subclimax species. American elm, especially, sprang up in thickets. Ash, honey locust, cherry, red haw, crab-apple, dogwood, and the introduced osage orange, thrived and spread in the situations to which they were especially adapted. These species largely replaced the original climax. Some of the trees cut, the oaks, sycamores, and hickories, usually produced fast-growing stump sprouts and competed vigorously with the invaders. At each successive cutting, however, the climax species lost ground. American elm, being tremendously prolific of seed, and only a little less tolerant of shading than its climax competitors, soon became the dominant tree of the woodlands. Literature Cited Braun, E. L. 1950. Deciduous forests of eastern North America. The Blakiston Co., Philadelphia, xiv + 595 pp. Fernald, M. L. 1950. Gray's manual of botany, 8th edition. The American Book Co., N. Y., lxiv + 1632 pp. Fitch, H. S. 1952. The University of Kansas Natural History Reservation. Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Misc. Publ. no. 4: 1-38. Fitch, H. S. and D. H. Lokke 1956. The molluscan record of succession on the University of Kansas Natural History Reservation. Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. 59(4). Flora, S. D. 1948. Climate of Kansas. Rept. Kansas State Board Agric. 67, no. 285, pp. xii + 320. Leonard, A. B. and C. R. Goble 1952. Mollusca of the University of Kansas Natural History Reservation. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 34: 1013-1053, 2 pls. Parks, G. S. 1854. "The Tourist" [Column]. The Kansas Herald of Freedom, 1 (no. 1) Wakarusa, Kansas Terr., October 21, 1854. Robinson, [Mrs.] S. T. D. 1899. Kansas; its interior and exterior life including a full view of its settlement, political history, social life, climate, soil, productions, scenery, etc. Journal Publishing Co., Lawrence, Kansas (10th ed.) xi + 438 pp. Taft, R.