The Forgotten Man, and Other EssaysSumner, William Graham
Science
The Forgotten Man, and Other Essays
Sumner, William Graham
Economics; Social sciences
Now it is the character of the modern industrial system that it becomes
more and more impersonal and automatic under the play of social forces
which act with natural necessity; the system could not exist if they
did not so act, for it is constructed in reliance upon their action
according to ascertainable laws. The condition of all social actions
and reactions is therefore set in the nature of the forces which we
have learned to know on other fields of scientific investigation, and
which are different here only inasmuch as they act in a different field
and on different material. The relations of parties, therefore, in the
industrial organism is such as the nature of the case permits. The case
may permit of a variety of relations, thus providing some range of
choice.
A person who comes into the market, therefore, with something to sell,
cannot raise the price of it because he wants to do so, or because
his “cost of production” has been raised. He has already pushed the
market to the utmost, and raised the price as high as supply and demand
would allow, so as to win as large profits as he could. How, then,
can he raise it further, just because his own circumstances make it
desirable for him so to do? If the market stands so that he can raise
his price, he will do it, whether his cost of production has increased
or not. Neither can an employer reduce his own profits at will; he will
immediately perceive that he is going out of business, and distributing
his capital in presents.
The difficulty with a strike, therefore, is, that it is an attempt to
move the whole industrial organization, in which all the parts are
interdependent and intersupporting. It is not, indeed, impossible to
do this, although it is very difficult. The organization has a great
deal of elasticity in its parts--an aggressive organ can win something
at the expense of others. Everything displaces everything else;
but if force enough is brought to bear, a general displacement and
readjustment may be brought about. An organ which has been suffering
from the aggression of others may right itself. It is only by the
collision of social pressure, constantly maintained, that the life of
the organism is kept up, and its forces are developed to their full
effect.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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