{138a} ‘Trans. of the New Zealand Institute,’ vol. xii., 1880, p. 152. {138b} Mr. Lindsay Carnagie, in a letter (June 1838) to Sir C. Lyell, remarks that Scotch farmers are afraid of putting lime on ploughed land until just before it is laid down for pasture, from a belief that it has some tendency to sink. He adds: “Some years since, in autumn, I laid lime on an oat-stubble and ploughed it down; thus bringing it into immediate contact with the dead vegetable matter, and securing its thorough mixture through the means of all the subsequent operations of fallow. In consequence of the above prejudice, I was considered to have committed a great fault; but the result was eminently successful, and the practice was _partially_ followed. By means of Mr. Darwin’s observations, I think the prejudice will be removed.” {139} This conclusion, which, as we shall immediately see, is fully justified, is of some little importance, as the so-called bench-stones, which surveyors fix in the ground as a record of their levels, may in time become false standards. My son Horace intends at some future period to ascertain how far this has occurred. {147} Mr. R. Mallet remarks (‘Quarterly Journal of Geolog. Soc.’ vol. xxxiii., 1877, p. 745) that “the extent to which the ground beneath the foundations of ponderous architectural structures, such as cathedral towers, has been known to become compressed, is as remarkable as it is instructive and curious. The amount of depression in some cases may be measured by feet.” He instances the Tower of Pisa, but adds that it was founded on “dense clay.” {148} ‘Zeitschrift für wissensch. Zoolog.’ Bd. xxviii., 1877, p. 360. {149} See Mr. Dancer’s paper in ‘Proc. Phil. Soc. of Manchester,’ 1877, p. 248. {166a} ‘Leçons de Géologie pratique,’ 1845, p. 142. {166b} A short account of this discovery was published in ‘The Times’ of January 2, 1878; and a fuller account in ‘The Builder,’ January 5, 1878. {183} Several accounts of these ruins have been published; the best is by Mr. James Farrer in ‘Proc. Soc. of Antiquaries of Scotland,’ vol. vi., Part II., 1867, p. 278. Also J. W. Grover, ‘Journal of the British Arch. Assoc.’ June 1866. Professor Buckman has likewise published a pamphlet, ‘Notes on the Roman Villa at Chedworth,’ 2nd edit. 1873 Cirencester. {187} These details are taken from the ‘Penny Cyclopædia,’ article Hampshire. {210} “On the denudation of South Wales,” &c., ‘Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain,’ vol. 1., p. 297, 1846. {211} ‘Geological Magazine,’ October and November, 1867, vol. iv. pp. 447 and 483. Copious references on the subject are given in this remarkable memoir.