{212} A. Tylor “On changes of the sea-level,” &c., ‘ Philosophical Mag.’ (Ser. 4th) vol. v., 1853, p. 258. Archibald Geikie, Transactions Geolog. Soc. of Glasgow, vol. iii., p. 153 (read March, 1868). Croll “On Geological Time,” ‘Philosophical Mag.,’ May, August, and November, 1868. See also Croll, ‘Climate and Time,’ 1875, Chap. XX. For some recent information on the amount of sediment brought down by rivers, see ‘Nature,’ Sept. 23rd, 1880. Mr. T. Mellard Reade has published some interesting articles on the astonishing amount of matter brought down in solution by rivers. See Address, Geolog. Soc., Liverpool, 1876–77. {213} “An account of the fine dust which often falls on Vessels in the Atlantic Ocean,” Proc. Geolog. Soc. of London, June 4th, 1845. {215} For La Plata, see my ‘Journal of Researches,’ during the voyage of the _Beagle_, 1845, p. 133. Élie de Beaumont has given (‘Leçons de Géolog. pratique,’ tom. I. 1845, p. 183) an excellent account of the enormous quantity of dust which is transported in some countries. I cannot but think that Mr. Proctor has somewhat exaggerated (‘Pleasant Ways in Science,’ 1879, p. 379) the agency of dust in a humid country like Great Britain. James Geikie has given (‘Prehistoric Europe,’ 1880, p. 165) a full abstract of Richthofen’s views, which, however, he disputes. {217a} These statements are taken from Hensen in ‘Zeitschrift für wissenschaft. Zoologie.’ Bd. xxviii., 1877, p. 360. Those with respect to peat are taken from Mr. A. A. Julien in ‘Proc. American Assoc. Science,’ 1879, p. 354. {217b} I have given some facts on the climate necessary or favourable for the formation of peat, in my ‘Journal of Researches,’ 1845, p. 287. {220} A. A. Julien “On the Geological action of the Humus-acids,” ‘Proc. American Assoc. Science,’ vol. xxviii., 1879, p. 311. Also on “Chemical erosion on Mountain Summits;” ‘New York Academy of Sciences,’ Oct. 14, 1878, as quoted in the ‘American Naturalist.’ See also, on this subject, S. W. Johnson, ‘How Crops Feed,’ 1870, p. 138. {222} See, for references on this subject, S. W. Johnson, ‘How Crops Feed,’ 1870, p. 326. {223} This statement is taken from Mr. Julien, ‘Proc. American Assoc. Science,’ vol. xxviii., 1879, p. 330. {224a} The preservative power of a layer of mould and turf is often shown by the perfect state of the glacial scratches on rocks when first uncovered. Mr. J. Geikie maintains, in his last very interesting work (‘Prehistoric Europe,’ 1881), that the more perfect scratches are probably due to the last access of cold and increase of ice, during the long-continued, intermittent glacial period.