Hungarians, first conflict with Osmanlis, 122-4; aid of, solicited by John Palaeologus, 128-30; urged by Gregory XI to fight Osmanlis, 136-7; attack Bulgarians, and are driven back, 141; attack Venice, 154; border nobles co-operate with Serbians at Kossova, 170. Hungary, first Ottoman raid into, 183-4; first battle of Osmanlis on soil of, 191; separation of crown of, from Poland, 192; interest of, in checking progress of Osmanlis, 203-4; hegemony of, in Balkans feared by Venice, 207; Ottoman invasion of, after Nicopolis, 224. Hunyadi, 194. Ibn Batutah, 69, 277-80. Ishtiman, 142, 160-2. Islamic state, theocratic conception of, 72-3. ---- teaching, concrete results of, 75. Ispahan, 259. Istip, 158, 160-2. Italians, city ideal of, 14. Jagello of Lithuania, converted and becomes Ladislas of Poland, 192. Janina, 159. Janissaries, institution of, 80, 117-21; number of, in early Ottoman history, 118-19, 253; rôle of, in early history not important, 119-20, 173. Jean de Nevers, 210, 212, 218, 223, 225-8. Jeanne d’Arc, 106, 209. Jews, cruelty of Tartars to, at Brusa, 267. Kaffa, 165, 264, 291. Kaouïa, Ottoman absorption of, 69. Karamania, 165-7, 187-90, 259, 274, 285, 289-90, 300-2. Karamanlis, power of, in fifteenth century, 190, 290, 301-2. Kara Khalil Tchenderli, 112. ---- Yuluk, 190. ---- Yussuf, 244-5. Karasi, 66, 69, 257, 286, 291, 294. Kastemuni, 191, 259, 291-2, 297. Kastriota, George, 170. Kavalla, 146, 161. Keraïtes, 14. Keredek, Ottoman absorption of, 69. Kermasti, 68, 292. Kermian, 156, 166, 188, 271, 274, 284, 285, 292-3. Khaïreddin, 146, 159. Kharesmians, 17. Kharesm, distinct from Khorassan, 19. Kharput, 190, 244. Khorassan, 19, 25, 244, 264. Kirk Kilissé, 112, 139. Kir Sheïr, 250. Koësé, Michail, 52, 76. Konia, 6, 11, 13, 16, 166-7, 187, 189, 260, 270-2, 274, 284, 290-300. Kossova, battle of, 174-8, 203-4; regarded as victory by Bosnians, Italians and French, 178. Kustendil, 140, 143, 173. Kutayia, 12, 22, 34, 156-7, 166-7, 188, 257-8, 284, 292. Lalashahin, 111, 114, 123-4, 126, 142-3. Laodicea, 287. Lazar, election of, 148; tributary to Murad, 149; increases tribute after fall of Nish, 162; sends contingent to Murad for Anatolian campaign, 166; dies at Kossova, 177. Lemnos, 269. Louis of Hungary, defeated by Osmanlis, 124; attacks Bulgarians, 141; prejudices Christians of Balkans against Catholic faith by attempts of forcible conversion, 141, 194; ignored by Tvrtko of Bosnia, 168-9; death, and contest over succession of, 192. Lulé Burgas, 112. Macedonia, Ottoman conquest of, 145-9, 158-9. Macedonians, uncertainty of, regarding nationality, 144. Maeander River, caution concerning identity of, 294. Magnesia, 258. Malkhatun, wife of Osman, 23-4, 27, 275. Mamelukes, in Asia Minor, 282, 293, 300-1. Marash, 279, 293. Maritza, battle of, 122-4, 144. Marko, 52, 76. Marmora, Ottoman absorption of, 69.