Wallachia, Ottoman invasions of, 192, 224. Wallachians, aid Bulgarians against Hungarians, 141; aid Osmanlis against Hungarians, 192; worth of, as soldiers, 192; aid Osmanlis in Bulgaria, 193; withdraw during battle of Nicopolis, 221; successfully resist Ottoman invasion after Nicopolis, 225. Wenceslaus, 210, 235. Western Europe, inability to understand Eastern Europe, 132-3. White Sheep, dynasty of, 190, 245. Widin, 140, 141, 142, 196, 215. Yakub, killed by brother Bayezid after Kossova, 180. Yakub, general of Bayezid, 230. Yamboli, 140, 142. Yeni Sheïr, 28, 32, 34, 258, 275. Printed in England at the Oxford University Press FOOTNOTES: [1] The Keraites, a tribe of large numbers, established on the frontier of China, were Christians in the early times: Resheddin, Quatremère edition, i. 93. The Council of Lyons sent missionaries to Mongols in the reign of Innocent IV, 1245. For account of missions to Mongols in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries see Howorth, i. 68 f., 189-92; ii. 183 _n._; iii. 72-5, 278-81, 348-55, 576-80: also documents of the Ming period, trans. by Hirth, p. 65. [2] I have witnessed a similar migration, when the Bulgarians broke into Thrace in October 1912. The progress of the fleeing Turks, even on the plains, was painfully slow, and the mortality was frightful. [3] Neshri (Nöldeke’s translation), in _Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft_, xiii. 190. [4] Seadeddin, _Casa Ottomana_ (Bratutti trans.), i. 6. [5] Neshri, xiii. 190. [6] See Appendix B for these emirates. [7] There is a collection of State papers in Persian, Arabic and Turkish, Feridun (Bibl. Nat., Paris, MS. turc, 79), which contains some letters and decrees of the earliest sultans, but there is no proof of the authenticity of these documents. [8] Neshri and Idris, end fifteenth century; Seadeddin, end sixteenth century; Hadji Khalfa, seventeenth century. See Bibliography. [9] In the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, I have examined, as far as I know, all the books concerning Turkey printed before 1600. See list in Bibliography. [10] Jorga, _Geschichte des Osmanischen Reiches_ (in the _Geschichte der europaïschen Staaten_), published 1908-13, preface and i. 152-3. [11] Up to the death of Ertogrul (1288), I follow Neshri, _ZDMG._, xiii. 188-98, unless otherwise specified. Direct quotation is indicated by quotation marks. [12] A.D. 1219. Evliya effendi, i. 27, gives A.H. 600; Seadeddin and Hadji Khalfa, A.H. 619; Drechsler, _Chron. Saracenorum_, A.H. 610.