There have been various philosophies dealing with the purposes of
man. Man seeks this or that--the eternal good, beauty, happiness,
pleasure, survival--but always he is represented as a seeker. A
very popular doctrine, Hedonism, now somewhat in disfavor,
represents him as seeking pleasurable, affective states. The
difficulty of understanding the essential nature of pleasure and
pain, the fact that what is pleasure to one man is pain to
another, rather discredited this as a psychological explanation.
I think we may phrase the situation fairly on an empirical basis
when we say that seeking arises in instinct but receives its
impulse to continuity by some agreeable affective state of
satisfaction. Man steers towards pleasure and satisfaction of
some type or other, but the force is the unbalance of an
instinct.
When we speak of man as a seeker, we are not separating him from
the rest of living things. All life seeks, and the more mobile a
living thing is the more it seeks. A sessile mussel chained to a
rock seeks little but the fundamentals of nutrition and
generation and these in a simple way. An animal that builds
habitations for its young, courts its mate, plays, teaches and
fights, may do nothing more than seek nutrition and generation,
but it seeks these through many intermediary "end" points,
through many impulses, and thus it has many types of
satisfaction. When a creature develops to the point that it
establishes all kinds of rules governing conduct, when it
establishes sanctions that are eternal and has purposes that have
a terminus in a hereafter which is out of the span of life of the
planner, it becomes quite difficult to say just what it is man
seeks. In fact, every man seeks many things, many satisfactions,
and whatever it may be that Man in the abstract seeks, individual
men differ very decidedly not only as to what they seek but as to
what should be sought.
Our viscera, our tissues, as they function, change by the using
up of energy and the breaking down of materials. That change
brings about sensory disturbances in our body which are not
unpleasant in moderation, which we call hunger, thirst and
fatigue. To relieve these three primitive states we seek food,
drink and rest; we DESIRE food, drink and rest. Desire then is
primitive, organic, arising mainly in the vegetative nervous
system, and it awakens mechanisms that bring us food, drink and
rest. A feeling which we call satisfaction results when the
changes in the viscera and tissues are readjusted or on the way
to readjustment. Here is the simplest paradigm for desire seeking
satisfaction, but it is on a plane rarely found in man, because
his life is too complicated for such formulae to work.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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