In recent years, evidences of a pre-historic culture in the Penobscot valley, wholly different from that of the Algonquin or Beothuks, have been found. _Vide_ W. K. Moorehead, “Prehistoric Cultures in the State of Maine,” _Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists_ (Washington, 1917), pp. 48 _ff._ Also his “Red-Paint People,” in _American Anthropologist_, New Series, vol. XV. Footnote 45: L. H. Morgan, THE LEAGUE OF THE IROQUOIS; New York, 1901, _passim_. Though considered a different stock from the Algonquin, they seem to have been identical physically. A. Hrdlĭcka, _Physical Anthropology of the Lenape_; Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 62, 1916, p. 127. Footnote 46: Gookin, _Historical Collection_, pp. 145 _ff._ Another writer, in 1629, says: “The greatest Saggamores about us cannot make above three hundred men, and other lesser Saggamores have not above fifteen subjects, and others neere about us but two.” [Higginson] “New England's Plantation, 1630,” in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, Series I, vol. I, p. 122. Such, in outline, was the Indian when he met the astonished and anxious gaze of the first settlers. Enough has been said to show that in the contact of the races an irrepressible conflict was bound to develop. Even had the savage never received any but kind and just treatment from his white neighbor, it is improbable that he could have readjusted his entire life so as to compete with, or to accept, civilization. That test, however, was never made. To say that his lands were bought, and that, therefore, he was justly treated, is a mockery. To have expected sympathy, understanding, and justice in the situation as it developed in the seventeenth century is asking too much, both of human nature and of the period. Indeed, it is questionable whether, in the competition between races of higher and lower civilizations, when the former intrude upon the lands of the latter, justice, in its strictest sense, is ever possible. One cannot believe that the world would have been either better or happier had the land which to-day supports a hundred million self-governing people been left to the half-million barbarians who barely gained a subsistence from it four centuries ago. Man, in the individual treatment of his fellow, is, indeed, bound by the laws of justice and of right; but in the larger processes of history we are confronted by problems that the ethics of the individual fail to solve. The Indian in the American forest, and the Polynesian in his sunny isle, share, in the moral enigma of their passing, the mystery of the vanished races of man and brute, which have gone down in the struggle for existence in geological or historic ages, in what, one would fain believe, is a universe governed by moral law. CHAPTER II STAKING OUT CLAIMS