ingeniosi et solertes, ita ut ne hinc quidem praetextus subiciendi possit desumi, qui tamen per se satis est manifestae iniquitatis. Iam olim Plutarchus πρόφασιν πλεονεξίας fuisse dicit ἡμερῶσαι τὰ βαρβαρικὰ,* improbam scilicet alieni cupiditatem hoc sibi velum obtendere, quod barbariem mansuefacit. Et nunc etiam color ille redigendi invitas gentes ad mores humaniores, qui Graecis olim et Alexandro usurpatus est, a Theologis omnibus, praesertim Hispanis,[28a] improbus atque impius censetur. * [Plutarch, Pompeius LXX]. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - so that a pretext for subduing them on the ground of their character could not be sustained. Such a pretext on its very face is an injustice. Plutarch said long ago that the civilizing of barbarians had been made the pretext for aggression, which is to say that a greedy longing for the property of another often hides itself behind such a pretext. And now that well-known pretext of forcing nations into a higher state of civilization against their will, the pretext once seized by the Greeks and by Alexander the Great,* is considered by all theologians, especially those of Spain,[28] to be unjust and unholy. * [Cf. Plutarch, Of the Fortune or Virtue of Alexander the Great I, 5]. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - CAPVT III _Lusitanos in Indos non habere ius dominii titulo donationis Pontificiae_ Secundo si Pontificis Alexandri Sexti divisione utentur, ante omnia illud attendendum est, volueritne Pontifex contentiones tantum Lusitanorum et Castellanorum dirimere, quod potuit sane, ut lectus inter illos arbiter, sicut et ipsi Reges iam ante inter se ea de re foedera quaedam pepigerant;[29a] et hoc si ita est, cum res inter alios acta sit, ad ceteras gentes non pertinebit; an vero prope singulos mundi trientes duobus populis donare. Quod etsi voluisset, et potuisset Pontifex, non tamen continuo sequeretur dominos eorum locorum esse Lusitanos, cum donatio dominum non faciat, sed secuta traditio;[30a] quare et huic causae possessio deberet accedere. Tum vero si quis ius ipsum sive divinum sive humanum scrutari volet, non autem ex commodo suo metiri, facile - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - CHAPTER III _The Portuguese have no right of sovereignty over the East Indies by virtue of title based on the Papal Donation_ Next, if the partition made by the Pope Alexander VI* is to be used by the Portuguese as authority for jurisdiction in the East Indies, then before all things else two points must be taken into consideration. * [The Cambridge Modern History, I, 23-24, has a good paragraph upon this famous Papal Bull of May 14, 1493 (modified June 7, 1494, by treaty of Tordesillas).] First, did the Pope merely desire to settle the disputes between the Portuguese and the Spaniards?