PAGE Introductory Note v Translator’s Preface xi FREEDOM OF THE SEAS To the rulers and to the free and independent nations of Christendom 1 CHAPTER I. By the Law of Nations navigation is free to all persons whatsoever 7 II. The Portuguese have no right by title of discovery to sovereignty over the East Indies to which the Dutch make voyages 11 III. The Portuguese have no right of sovereignty over the East Indies by virtue of title based on the Papal Donation 15 IV. The Portuguese have no right of sovereignty over the East Indies by title of war 18 V. Neither the Indian Ocean nor the right of navigation thereon belongs to the Portuguese by title of occupation 22 VI. Neither the Sea nor the right of navigation thereon belongs to the Portuguese by virtue of title based on the Papal Donation 45 VII. Neither the Sea nor the right of navigation thereon belongs to the Portuguese by title of prescription or custom 47 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - CAPVT PAGINA VIII. Iure gentium inter quosvis liberam esse mercaturam 61 IX. Mercaturam cum Indis propriam non esse Lusitanorum titulo occupationis 65 X. Mercaturam cum Indis propriam non esse Lusitanorum titulo donationis Pontificiae 66 XI. Mercaturam cum Indis non esse Lusitanorum propriam iure praescriptionis aut consuetudinis 67 XII. Nulla aequitate niti Lusitanos in prohibendo commercio 69 XIII. Batavis ius commercii Indicani, qua pace, qua indutiis, qua bello retinendum 72 Regis Hispaniarum litterae 77 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - CHAPTER PAGE VIII. By the Law of Nations trade is free to all persons whatsoever 61 IX. Trade with the East Indies does not belong to the Portuguese by title of occupation 65 X. Trade with the East Indies does not belong to the Portuguese by virtue of title based on the Papal Donation 66