The Revolution consists of two separate movements, one mainly political, the other mainly social.--Pause in the Revolution in 1791.--Apathy of the majority of voters.--Classes which had not gained what they expected from the Revolution.--Distress among the artisans and labourers.--Illogical position of the Constitutional party.--Causes of its unpopularity with the poor.--The Jacobin theory.--Its results in practice.--Its triumph secured by violence.--Various causes of disorder.--Increase of the influence of force in politics.--Numbers of the Jacobin party.--Its complete organisation.--Growth of Jacobin clubs.--Organisation of the Commune of Paris.--Influence of the active Sections.--Rise of Robespierre.--His character and policy.--Results of the King's flight to Varennes.--Attitude of the Jacobin Club.--The 'Massacre of the Champ de Mars.'--Rally of the Constitutional party.--Barren results of their success.--Reviving influence of the Jacobins.--Visible in the Elections.--Critical state of the Revolution at the end of 1791. CHAPTER VII. THE INFLUENCE OF THE WAR UPON THE REVOLUTION 155-181 Attitude of the European Powers towards the Revolution.--Catherine of Russia.--Gustavus of Sweden.--Joseph of Austria.--Frederick William of Prussia.--Spain and England.--Trouble in Poland and the East.--Accession of Leopold.--His policy.--The French Emigrants.--Their activity in Europe.--Condé's Army.--Leopold's views on French affairs.--The 'august comedy' of Pillnitz.--Meeting of the Legislative Assembly in Paris.--Appearance of the Girondist party.--Objects of the Republican minority in the legislature.--War policy of the Girondists.--Their leaders.--Decrees of the autumn against emigrants and priests.--Ministry of Narbonne.--Policy of the Jacobins with regard to the war.--The Girondists in office.--Declaration of war.--Its momentous results.--Course of events down to the 20th June, 1792.--Lafayette's last attempt to save the Court.--Brunswick's Manifesto.--The 10th August.--Danton in power.--Advance of the Allies.--The prison massacres of September.--Responsibility for them.--Battle of Valmy.--Retreat of the Allies.--General results of the Revolutionary war. CHAPTER VIII. THE FALL OF THE GIRONDE 182-207