Without more words, I will simply set down the other ways in which this upright oblong might be marked, adding the meaning in each case. By comparing them with the various cases of the horizontal oblong, you will, I hope, be able to understand them clearly. You will find it a good plan to examine yourself on this table, by covering up first one column and then the other, and 'dodging about', as the children say. Also you will do well to write out for yourself two other tables--one for the LOWER half of the cupboard, and the other for its RIGHT-HAND half. And now I think we have said all we need to say about the smaller Diagram, and may go on to the larger one. _________________________________________________ | Symbols. | Meanings. _______________|_________________________________ ----- | | | | | | | Some y are x'; | | | i.e. Some nice are not-new. ----- | | | | | 1 | | | | | ----- | | ----- | | | | No y are x; | 0 | | i.e. No nice are new. | | | ----- | [Observe that this is merely another way of | | | expressing "No new are nice."] | | | | | | ----- | | ----- | | | | | | | No y are x'; | | | i.e. No nice are not-new. ----- | | | | | 0 | | | | | ----- | | ----- | | | | | 1 | | Some y are x, and some are x'; | | | i.e. Some nice are new, and some are ----- | not-new. | | | | 1 | | | | | ----- | | ----- | | | | | 0 | | No y are x, and none are x'; i.e. No y | | | exist; ----- | i.e. No Cakes are nice. | | | | 0 | | | | | ----- | | ----- | | | | | 1 | | All y are x; | | | i.e. All nice are new. ----- | | | | | 0 | | | | | ----- | | ----- | | | | | 0 | | All y are x'; | | | i.e. All nice are not-new. ----- | | | | | 1 | | | | | ----- | _______________|_________________________________