hand, in complexion and the shortness of the skull, and perhaps in the intellectual and social qualities. Who can guarantee that modern democracy, still more modern anarchy, and indeed that tendency to the "Commune," the most primitive form of society, which is now common to all the Socialists in Europe, does not in its real essence signify a monstrous reversion--and that the conquering and _master_ race--the Aryan race, is not also becoming inferior physiologically?) I believe that I can explain the Latin _bonus_ as the "warrior": my hypothesis is that I am right in deriving _bonus_ from an older _duonus_ (compare _bellum_ = _duellum_ = _duen-lum_, in which the word _duonus_ appears to me to be contained). Bonus accordingly as the man of discord, of variance, "entzweiung" (_duo_), as the warrior: one sees what in ancient Rome "the good" meant for a man. Must not our actual German word _gut_ mean "_the godlike_, the man of godlike race"? and be identical with the national name (originally the nobles' name) of the _Goths_? The grounds for this supposition do not appertain to this work. 6. Above all, there is no exception (though there are opportunities for exceptions) to this rule, that the idea of political superiority always resolves itself into the idea of psychological superiority, in those cases where the highest caste is at the same time the _priestly_ caste, and in accordance with its general characteristics confers on itself the privilege of a title which alludes specifically to its priestly function. It is in these cases, for instance, that "clean" and "unclean" confront each other for the first time as badges of class distinction; here again there develops a "good" and a "bad," in a sense which has ceased to be merely social. Moreover, care should be taken not to take these ideas of "clean" and "unclean" too seriously, too broadly, or too symbolically: all the ideas of ancient man have, on the contrary, got to be understood in their initial stages, in a sense which is, to an almost inconceivable extent, crude, coarse, physical, and narrow, and above all essentially unsymbolical. The "clean man" is originally only a man who washes himself, who abstains from certain foods which are conducive to skin diseases, who does not sleep with the unclean women of the lower classes, who has a horror of blood--not more, not much more! On the other hand, the very nature of a priestly aristocracy shows the reasons why just at such an early juncture there should ensue a really dangerous sharpening and intensification of opposed values: it is, in fact, through these opposed values that gulfs are cleft in the social plane, which a veritable Achilles of free thought would shudder to cross. There is from the outset a certain _diseased taint_ in such sacerdotal aristocracies, and in the habits which prevail in such societies--habits which, _averse_ as they are to action, constitute a compound of introspection and explosive