P. flexilis is recognized by its lustrous yellow cones. This and the constantly external ducts of its usually entire leaves distinguish it from P. Armandi. From P. albicaulis, with similar leaves, it differs by its dehiscent cone. At one extreme the cone of P. flexilis is not unlike that of P. albicaulis, at the other extreme it approaches the characteristic cone of P. ayacahuite, with prolonged reflexed scales. Hence the confusion of P. albicaulis with P. flexilis (Murray, Parlatore and others) and of P. flexilis with Engelmann's P. strobiformis. Sargent's P. strobiformis, illustrated in the Silva of North America, is the form of this species known as var. reflexa of Engelmann. Plate IX. Fig. 93, Two cones and seed. Fig. 94, Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 95, Magnified leaf-section. 5. PINUS ARMANDI 1884 P. Armandi Franchet in Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, sér. 2, vii. 95, 96, t. 12. 1898 P. scipioniformis Masters in Bull. Herb. Boiss. vi. 270. 1903 P. koraiensis Masters in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xxxiii. 34, ff. 18, 19 (not Siebold & Zuccarini). 1908 P. Mastersiana Hayata in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xliii, 194. Spring-shoots glabrous; branches and most of the trunk covered with a smooth gray cortex. Leaves from 8 to 15 cm. long, serrulate; stomata ventral only; resin-ducts external, external and medial, or medial, all three conditions sometimes occurring in leaves of the same branchlet. Cones from 6 to 20 cm. in length, pendent on peduncles of various lengths, the peduncle often remaining on the tree after the fall of the cone; apophyses fulvous brown, dull or sublustrous, the margin rounded or tapering to an acute apex, sometimes a little prolonged and reflexed, the umbo inconspicuous. A tree of the mountains of central, southern and western China with an outlying station on the Island of Formosa. Recently planted in Europe and America, it has so far proved hardy. The nuts are gathered for food and some use is made of the wood. The glabrous shoots of P. Armandi distinguish it from P. flexilis and P. koraiensis. From the latter it is also distinct in its dehiscent cone and in its seed. The section of its leaf, with dorsal ducts often in two positions, is peculiar to this species among Soft Pines. Plate IX. Fig. 96, Two cones and seed. Fig. 97, Leaf-fascicle. Figs. 98, 99, Magnified sections of three leaves. [Illustration: PLATE IX. P. FLEXILIS (93-95), ARMANDI (96-99)] =III. STROBI= Seed with a long effective wing adnate to the nut. The base of the seed-wing corresponds to the marginal spermoderm of the Flexiles but is prolonged into an effective adnate wing. This form of wing appears again in the species Balfouriana and in the group Longifoliae.