Of the three Pines of the Himalayas this species is the most important. It grows on the outer slopes and foot-hills from Bhotan to Afghanistan. The wood is used for construction and for the manufacture of charcoal, the thick soft bark is valuable for tanning, the resin is abundant and of commercial importance, and the nuts are gathered for food. The tree is not hardy in cool-temperate climates, but has been successfully grown in northern Italy. It differs from P. canariensis in the usually protuberant apophysis of the cone, in the thick outer walls of the leaf-endoderm and in the nearly smooth walls of the ray-tracheids of the wood. In the dimensions of cone and leaf, in the dermal tissues and resin-ducts of the leaf and in the peculiar coloring of the seed-wing, the two species are alike. Plate XVII. Fig. 160, Cone. Fig. 161, Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 162, Magnified leaf-section. 23. PINUS CANARIENSIS 1825 P. canariensis Smith in Buch, Canar. Ins. 159. Spring-shoots uninodal, pruinose. Bud-scales with conspicuously long free fimbriate margins. Leaves in fascicles of 3, the sheath persistent, from 20 to 30 cm. long; the hypoderm often in large masses, the resin-ducts external, the endoderm with thin outer walls. Cones from 10 to 17 cm. long, short-pedunculate, ovoid-conic; apophyses lustrous or sublustrous nut-brown, more or less pyramidal, the umbo unarmed; seeds as in the last species. A species confined to the Canary Islands, but cultivated in northern Italy. The stately habit of this tree is seen in Schröter's portrait (Exc. Canar. Ins. t. 15). Plate XVII. Fig. 163, Cone and seed. Fig. 164, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 165, Habit of the tree. [Illustration: PLATE XVII. P. LONGIFOLIA (160-162), CANARIENSIS (163-165)] =IX. PINEAE= Seed-wing articulate, short, ineffective. Leaves binate, the sheath persistent. One species only. 24. PINUS PINEA 1753 P. pinea Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1000. 1778 P. sativa Lamarck, Fl. Franç. ii. 200. 1854 P. maderiensis Tenore in Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 4, ii. 379. Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves from 12 to 20 cm. long; resin-ducts external. Conelet mutic, slightly larger in the second year. Cones triennial, from 10 to 14 cm. long, ovoid or subglobose; apophyses lustrous nut-brown, convex, of large size, the umbo double; seeds large with a short, loosely articulated, deciduous wing. A species of the Mediterranean Basin, from Portugal to Syria. Its northern limit is in southern France and northern Italy, but it is cultivated in the southern parts of the British Isles and is a familiar ornament of park and garden in southern Europe, and is valued for its peculiar beauty and for its large savory nuts. In wood anatomy as well as in the seed it agrees with the Gerardianae of the Soft Pines. Plate XVIII.