1768 P. montana Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8. 1772 P. mughus Scopoli, Fl. Carn. ii. 247. 1791 P. pumilio Haenke in Jirasek, Beobacht. 68. 1804 P. mugho Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. Méth. v. 336. 1805 P. uncinata Ramond ex De Candolle, Lamarck, Fl. Franç. ed. 3, iii. 726. 1813 P. sanguinea Lapeyrouse, Hist. Pl. Pyren. 587. 1827 P. rotundata Link in Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 168. 1830 P. obliqua Sauter ex Reichenbach, Fl. Germ. Exc. 159. 1837 P. uliginosa Neumann ex Wimmer, Arb. Schles. Ges. 95. Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, from 3 to 8 cm. long, the epiderm very thick, hypoderm weak; resin-ducts external. Conelets mucronate, nearly sessile. Cones from 2 to 7 cm. long, subsessile, ovate or ovate-conic, symmetrical or oblique, often persistent; apophyses lustrous tawny-yellow or dark brown, both colors often shading into each other on the same cone, flat, prominent or prolonged into uncinate beaks of various lengths, the last much more developed on the posterior face of the cone, the umbo bordered by a narrow dark ring and bearing the remnant of the mucro. P. montana grows as a bush or as a small tree, the two forms often associated. It ranges from central Spain through the Pyrenees, Alps and Apennines to the Balkan Mountains, associated with P. cembra at higher, with P. sylvestris at lower altitudes. It grows indifferently in bogs and on rocky slopes. Its dwarf form, under the name of the Mugho Pine, is extensively cultivated as a garden ornament. On the differences of the cone this species has been divided into three subspecies: uncinata, with an oblique cone and protuberant apophyses; pumilio, with a symmetrical cone and an excentric umbo; mughus, with a symmetrical cone and a concentric umbo. Other segregations based on the degree of development of the apophysis and on the size and color of the cone, have received names of four or even five terms--Pinus montana pumilio applanata--or Pinus montana uncinata rostrata castanea etc., etc. These elaborations may be seen in the Tharand Jahrbuch of 1861, p. 166, and with them appear also Hartig's specifications of 60 forms of this species, each dignified with a Latin name. Plate XXI. Fig. 186, Cone of var. uncinata. Figs. 187, 188, Cones. Fig. 189, Leaf-fascicles, magnified leaf-section and more magnified dermal tissues of the leaf. Fig. 190, Tree and dwarf-form of the Pyrenees. [Illustration: PLATE XXI. P. SYLVESTRIS (182-185), MONTANA (186-190)] 31. PINUS LUCHUENSIS 1894 P. luchuensis Mayr in Bot. Centralbl. lviii. 149, f.