1785 P. nigra Arnold, Reise n. Mariaz. 8, t. 1804 P. laricio Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. Méth. v. 339. 1808 P. halepensis Bieberstein, Fl. Taur. Cauc. ii. 408 (not Miller). 1809 P. pinaster Besser, Fl. Galic. ii. 294 (not Aiton). 1813 P. maritima Aiton, f. Hort. Kew. v. 315 (not Lambert). 1816 P. sylvestris Baumgarten, Stirp. Transsilv. ii. 304 (not Linnaeus). 1818 P. pyrenaica Lapeyrouse, Hist. Pl. Pyren. Suppl. 146. 1824 P. Pallasiana Lambert, Gen. Pin. ii. 1, t. 1. 1825 P. austriaca Höss in Flora, viii-1, Beil. 113. 1831 P. nigricans Host, Fl. Austr. ii. 628. 1842 P. dalmatica Visiani, Fl. Dalmal. 199, note. 1851 P. Salzmanni Dunal in Mém. Acad. Montp. ii. 82, tt. 1863 P. Heldreichii Christ in Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, iii. 549. 1864 P. leucodermis Antoine in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. xiv. 366. 1896 P. pindica Formanek in Verh. Nat. Ver. Brünn, xxxiv. 272. Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, from 9 to 16 cm. long, the epiderm thick, hypoderm conspicuous, resin-ducts medial. Conelets mucronate. Cones from 4 to 8 cm. long, subsessile, symmetrical; apophyses lustrous, tawny yellow, transversely carinate, the keel strongly convex, the mucro of the umbo more or less persistent. A valuable tree unequally distributed over the mountain slopes of central and southern Europe and Asia Minor. The typical form, under the name of the Austrian Pine, is a familiar exotic of the Middle and Eastern States of America. As Mathieu states (Flore Forest., ed. 4, 597), this species is quite constant in cone and bark. It may be added that the anatomy of the leaf is also constant, while the dimensions of both leaf and cone present no unusual variations. The varieties generally accepted are founded on the habit of the tree, a character of forestal or horticultural rather than of botanical importance. Plate XXII. Fig. 193, Two cones. Fig. 194, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 195, Magnified dermal tissues of the leaf. [Illustration: PLATE XXII. P. LUCHUENSIS (191, 192), NIGRA (193-195), THUNBERGII (196, 197)] 34. PINUS MERKUSII 1790 P. sylvestris Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. ii. 579 (not Linnaeus). 1845 P. Merkusii De Vriese, Pl. Nov. Ind. Bat. 5, t. 2. 1847 P. Finlaysoniana Wallich ex Blume, Rumphia, iii. 210. 1849 P. Latteri Mason in Jour. Asiat. Soc. i. 74. Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, slender, from 15 to 20 cm. long, the hypoderm of uniform thick-walled cells, resin-ducts medial, or with internal or septal ducts, endoderm-cells very unequal in size, some of them large. Conelets unarmed. Cones from 5 to 8 cm. long, peculiarly narrow-cylindrical, symmetrical; apophyses lustrous, rufous brown, radially carinate, the transverse keel prominent.