A tree that sometimes attains important dimensions, growing singly or in small groves from the neighborhood of Charleston, S. C., to eastern Louisiana and central Mississippi, most abundant in a strip of territory on either side of the northern boundary of Florida. Among the Pines of the southeastern United States it is the only species with late bark-formation, and is therefore easily identified. Plate XXX. Fig. 256, Cone. Fig. 257, Enlarged scale of the conelet. Fig. 258, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 259, Dermal tissues of the leaf magnified, with a double row of hypoderm cells. 47. PINUS ECHINATA 1768 P. echinata Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8. 1788 P. squarrosa Walter, Fl. Carol. 237. 1803 P. mitis Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. ii. 204. 1803 P. variabilis Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. 22, t. 15. 1854 P. Royleana Jamieson in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ix. 52, f. Spring-shoots multinodal, somewhat pruinose. Bark forming early, rough on the upper trunk. Leaves in fascicles of 2 and 3, from 7 to 12 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm weak, biform when of two rows of cells, endoderm with thin outer walls. Conelets mucronate. Cones from 4 to 6 cm. long, ovate-conic, symmetrical, often persistent; apophyses dull pale nut-brown, thin or somewhat thickened along a transverse keel, the umbo salient, the mucro more or less persistent. This species ranges from southeastern New York to northern Florida, to West Virginia and eastern Tennessee, and through the Gulf States to eastern Louisiana, eastern Texas, southern Missouri and southwestern Illinois. It is extensively manufactured into material of all kinds that enters into the construction of buildings. It differs from P. virginiana in its longer leaves, brittle branches, and much greater height, from P. glabra in its rough upper trunk, and from both by the frequent presence of trimerous leaf-fascicles. Of the six or seven pines of the southeastern United States, this species covers a larger area and ascends the slopes of the Alleghany Mountains far enough to meet the northern species, P. virginiana, P. rigida, and P. strobus. Unlike the western members of this group, P. echinata and its associates are not variable. Their characters are singularly constant, as their limited synonymy and total lack of varietal names attest. Plate XXX. Fig. 260, Cone. Fig. 261, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section from a ternate fascicle. Fig. 262, Magnified leaf-section from a binate fascicle. Fig. 263, Multinodal branchlet bearing lateral and subterminal conelets and a ripe cone. Figs. 257, showing mucronate scales of the conelet, and 259, showing dermal tissues of the leaf, are applicable also to this species. [Illustration: PLATE XXX. P. GLABRA (256-259), ECHINATA (260-263), TAEDA (264-267)] =XII. INSIGNES=