Produced by MWS and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) Transcriber's note: The Errata (after the List of Plates) have been worked into the main text. All other apparent mistakes have been retained as printed. Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_); page numbers enclosed by curly braces (example: {25}) have been incorporated to facilitate the use of the Index.. * * * * * [Illustration: Zoogeographical Regions] THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS _WITH A STUDY OF THE RELATIONS OF LIVING AND EXTINCT FAUNAS AS ELUCIDATING THE PAST CHANGES OF THE EARTH'S SURFACE._ BY ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE, AUTHOR OF "THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO," ETC. WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. _IN TWO VOLUMES.--VOLUME I._ London: MACMILLAN AND CO. 1876. [_The Right of Translation and Reproduction is Reserved._] LONDON: R. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR, PRINTERS, BREAD STREET HILL. PREFACE. The present work is an attempt to collect and summarize the existing information on the Distribution of Land Animals; and to explain the more remarkable and interesting of the facts, by means of established laws of physical and organic change. The main idea, which is here worked out in some detail for the whole earth, was stated sixteen years ago in the concluding pages of a paper on the "Zoological Geography of the Malay Archipelago," which appeared in the _Journal of Proceedings of the Linnean Society_ for 1860; and again, in a paper read before the Royal Geographical Society in 1863, it was briefly summarized in the following passage:-- "My object has been to show the important bearing of researches into the natural history of every part of the world, upon the study of its past history. An accurate knowledge of any groups of birds or of insects and of their geographical distribution, may enable us to map out the islands and continents of a former epoch,--the amount of difference that exists between the animals of adjacent districts being closely related to preceding geological changes. By the collection of such minute facts, alone, can we hope to fill up a great gap in the past history of the earth as revealed by geology, and obtain some indications of the existence of those ancient lands which now lie buried beneath the ocean, and have left us nothing but these living records of their former existence."