We now come to a period which was wonderfully rich in all forms of life, and of which the geological record is exceptionally complete. Various lacustrine, estuarine, and other deposits in Europe, North India, and North America, have furnished such a {115}vast number of remains of extinct mammalia, as to solve many zoological problems, and to throw great light on the early distribution and centres of dispersal of various groups of animals. In order to show the bearing of these remains on our special subject, we will first give an account of the extinct fauna of Greece, of the Upper Miocene period; since this, being nearest to Africa and Asia, best exhibits the relations of the old European fauna to those countries. We shall then pass to the Miocene fauna of France and Central Europe; and conclude with the remarkable Siwalik and other Indian extinct faunas, which throw an additional light on the early history of the animal life of the great old-world continents. _Extinct Animals of Greece._ These are from the Upper Miocene deposits at Pikermi, near Athens, and were collected by M. Gaudry a few years ago. They comprise ten living and eighteen extinct genera of mammalia, with a few birds and reptiles. _Primates._--These are represented by _Mesopithecus_, a genus believed to be intermediate between the two Indian genera of monkeys, _Semnopithecus_ and _Macacus_. _Carnivora._--These were abundant. Of _Felis_ there were four species, ranging from the size of a cat to that of a jaguar, a large _hyæna_, and a large weasel (_Mustela_). Besides these there were the huge _Machairodus_, larger than any existing lion or tiger, and with enormously developed canine teeth; _Hyænictis_ and _Lycæna_, extinct forms of Hyænidæ; _Thalassictis_=_Ictitherium_, an extinct genus of Viverridæ but with resemblances to the hyænas, represented by three species, some of which were larger than any existing Viverridæ; _Promephytis_, an extinct form of Mustelidæ, having resemblances to the European marten, to the otters, and to the S. African _Zorilla_; and lastly, _Simocyon_, an extraordinary carnivore of the size of a small panther, but having the canines of a cat, the molars of a dog, and the jaws shaped like those of a bear.